Open EDI and Law in Europe
Open EDI and Law in Europe

Author: Andreas Mitrakas

Publisher: Kluwer Law International B.V.

Published: 1997-01-01

Total Pages: 362

ISBN-13: 9041104895

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Electronic commerce applications all allow the transfer of electronic data from one point to another. Open EDI--a particular application of electronic commerce--also permits commercial transactions to take place in a fully automated and highly organised trading environment. This volume focuses on open EDI and its relationship with law. When confronted with technology, the typical reaction of the law is to support interpretations and amendments of existing statutes so that old laws can accommodate the change. Open EDI, however, does not fit within this traditional regulatory method. Open EDI permits ad hoc open electronic transactions irrespective of geographical border and jurisdictions among trading partners with no prior trade relationship. By doing so, open EDI limits the possibility of using up-front interchange agreements to address the legal problems of the interchange. It therefore requires the use of legal instruments supported by information technology to overcome legal problems. Openness in an electronic environment has the potential to initiate an unobserved change in law. Possible regulations should address users' need to act in such a trading environment without the inhibition of basic legal concerns. Open EDI and Law in Europe concludes that the challenge of open EDI necessitates working toward a new legal framework based on international law and supported by information technology. This volume will assist lawyers and laypersons concerned with the practical and theoretical aspects of the legal issues of the application of open EDI by pointing out subtle issues in the application of law in this area and by provoking thought regarding possible solutions.

Renewable Energy in Europe
Renewable Energy in Europe

Author: European Renewable Energy Council

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2010-08-12

Total Pages: 283

ISBN-13: 1136541179

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How can the European Union meet its binding 20% renewable energy target in final energy consumption by the year 2020? Which sources offer the best prospects for realizing this goal? These are the questions answered by this key book which analyses the current situation of renewable energy in Europe, examines the latest technological, financial and economic developments, and outlines ways in which the renewable energy market can be developed. The book is divided into sections examining the integration of renewable energy, electricity, heating and cooling as well as biofuels. All the main technologies are covered, with exploration of: ' benefits and applications ' costs and prices ' markets and installed capacity ' policy instruments ' key countries and success stories ' targets and long term potential This will be essential reading for policy decision-makers at all levels and to all those involved in the development of the renewable energy industry.

Network Governance and Energy Transitions in European Cities
Network Governance and Energy Transitions in European Cities

Author: Timea Nochta

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2020-10-12

Total Pages: 132

ISBN-13: 1000177742

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This book investigates and evaluates the opportunities and limitations of network governance in building local capacity for energy infrastructure governance. Presenting a comparative analysis of three city cases from across Europe- Birmingham, Frankfurt and Budapest- this book demonstrates how local factors shape the prospect of network governance to support low-carbon energy transitions. It maps out existing governance networks, highlighting the actors involved and their interactions with one another, and also discusses the role and embeddedness of networks in the urban governance of low-carbon energy. Drawing on case study evidence, Nochta develops a comparative analysis which discusses the intricate connections between network characteristics, context and impact. It highlights that organisational fragmentation; the complexity of the low-carbon energy problem and historical developments all influence network characteristics in terms of degree of integration and vertical (hierarchical) power relationships among network actors. Overall, the book concludes that understanding such links between context and networks is crucial when designing and implementing new governance models aimed at facilitating and governing low-carbon urban development. Low-Carbon Energy Transitions in European Cities will be of great interest to scholars of energy policy, urban governance and sustainability transitions.

International Relations and the European Union
International Relations and the European Union

Author: Christopher Hill

Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA

Published: 2011-02-03

Total Pages: 584

ISBN-13: 0199544808

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This text explores the ways in which the European Union frames and conducts its international relations. Each chapter deals with the three key themes of the volume - the EU as a sub-system of international relations, the EU and the processes of international relations, and the EU as a power.

The Search for a Common European Foreign and Security Policy
The Search for a Common European Foreign and Security Policy

Author: A. Malici

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2016-01-05

Total Pages: 226

ISBN-13: 0230611222

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When Kissinger lamented, 'When I want to call Europe, I cannot find a phone number', the implication was clear. Since then, the momentum of the EU towards a common foreign and security policy has increased. Yet, the viability of this institutionalization effort is questionable. This book advances a new perspective on this paradox.

Populism and Heritage in Europe
Populism and Heritage in Europe

Author: Ayhan Kaya

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2019-09-25

Total Pages: 360

ISBN-13: 0429855435

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Populism and Heritage in Europe explores popular discourses about European and national heritage that are being used by specific political actors to advance their agendas and to prevent minority groups from being accepted into European society. Investigating what kind of effect the politics of fear has on these notions of heritage and identity, the book also examines what kind of impact recent events and crises have had on the types of European memories and identities that have been promoted by the supporters of right-wing populist parties. Based on qualitative fieldwork conducted in six countries, this book specifically analyses how anti-European identities are being articulated by right-wing populist individuals. Providing an analysis of the manifestos, speeches and official documents of such parties, the book examines how they instrumentalise xenophobia, Islamophobia, Euroscepticism, globalisation and international trade in European spaces to mobilise the masses hit by financial crisis and refugee crisis. Drawing on in-depth interviews with the sympathisers of populist movements, Kaya provides some insights into the main motivations of these individuals in resorting to nativist and populist discourses, whilst also providing a thorough analysis of the use of the past and heritage by such parties and their followers. Populism and Heritage provides a unique insight into one of the most contested trends of the contemporary age. As such, the book should be of great interest to those working in the fields of heritage studies, cultural studies, politics, sociology, anthropology, philosophy and history.

European Drug Index
European Drug Index

Author: Muller

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 1998-06-19

Total Pages: 776

ISBN-13: 3769221141

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This fourth edition of the European Drug Index provides information about drugs available on the European market arranged alphabetically by trade name, including

European Governmentality
European Governmentality

Author: Richard Münch

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2010-07-12

Total Pages: 193

ISBN-13: 1136962689

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The book provides a sociologically grounded explanation of the changing features of governance and democracy within Europe in an era that empowers new actors, and in the context of broader changes in society.