Urban Lighting, Light Pollution and Society

Urban Lighting, Light Pollution and Society

Author: Josiane Meier

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2014-10-24

Total Pages: 325

ISBN-13: 1317602471

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

After decades "in the shadows", urban lighting is re-emerging as a matter of public debate. Long-standing truths are increasingly questioned as a confluence of developments affects lighting itself and the way it is viewed. Light has become an integral element of place-making and energy-saving initiatives alike. Rapidly evolving lighting technologies are opening up new possibilities, but also posing new challenges to planners, and awareness is growing that artificial illumination is not purely benign but can actually constitute a form of pollution. As a result, public policy frameworks, incentives and initiatives are undergoing a phase of innovation and change that will affect how cities are lit for years to come. The first comprehensive compilation of current scientific discussions on urban lighting and light pollution from a social science and humanities perspective, Urban Lighting, Light Pollution and Society contributes to an evolving international debate on an increasingly controversial topic. The contributions draw a rich panorama of the manifold discourses connected with artificial illumination in the past and present – from early attempts to promote new lighting technologies in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to current debates on restricting its excessive usage in public space and the protection of darkness. By bringing together a cross-section of current findings and debates on urban lighting and light pollution from a wide variety of disciplines, it reflects that artificial lighting is multifaceted in its qualities, utilisation and interpretation. Including case studies from the United States, Europe, and the UK, Urban Lighting, Light Pollution and Society is one of the first to take a serious assessment of light, pollution, and places and is a valuable resource for planners, policy makers and students in related subjects.


Methods for Evaluating Road Safety Measures

Methods for Evaluating Road Safety Measures

Author: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Publisher: Paris [France] : Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

Published: 1981

Total Pages: 116

ISBN-13:

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

The Road Research Group was established to review the most appropriate techniques for the assessment of the effectiveness of safety measures and the determination of their relative priorities. The study, in which experts from 15 countries participated, examines the issue of identifying traffic safety measures in the present context of policy and decision-making in this field, and sets forth the various criteria for assessing their impacts. The major part of this study is devoted to methods of determining effectiveness of counter-measures as well as techniques of evaluation and priority setting. The group also attempted to review current use of evaluation procedures in Member countries, presenting a number of examples of evaluations recently carried out. A list of conclusions and recommendations for those responsible for decision-making in the field of traffic safety and the implementation of accident countermeasures as well as a compilation of further research needs.