Dopaminergic Ergot Derivatives and Motor Function

Dopaminergic Ergot Derivatives and Motor Function

Author: Kjell Fuxe

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2013-10-22

Total Pages: 462

ISBN-13: 1483160971

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Dopaminergic Ergot Derivatives and Motor Function is a collection of papers from the proceedings of an international symposium of the same topic, held in Stockholm on July 24-25, 1978. This collection of papers covers laboratory studies on different subjects such as the anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology of dopaminergic pathways of the brain. This book also discusses clinical research dealing on dopaminergic receptors observed in Parkinsonism and in Huntington's disease. One paper reviews the neural circuitry of the basal ganglia as it is the part of the brain that is first and foremost involved in skeletomuscular mechanisms. Another paper deals with the different groups of ergot derivatives and their structure-activity relationships. The book also addresses the therapeutic activity and toxicity made during these observations. The text then discusses the psychiatric reaction to ergot derivatives, including LSD-induced hallucinations. Another paper examines the effects of dopaminergic ergots on the anterior pituitary function that is limited to the control of prolactin secretion during chronic therapy. This book is valuable to microbiologists, microchemists, and laboratory researchers and scientists dealing with neuro-functions and the brain.


NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy

NeuroPsychopharmacotherapy

Author: Peter Riederer

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2022-11-04

Total Pages: 4652

ISBN-13: 303062059X

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This book provides a reference guide describing the current status of medication in all major psychiatric and neurological indications, together with comparisons of pharmacological treatment strategies in clinical settings in Europe, USA, Japan and China. In addition, it highlights herbal medicine as used in China and Japan, as well as complementary medicine and nutritional aspects. This novel approach offers international readers a global approach in a single dedicated publication and is also a valuable resource for anyone interested in comparing treatments for psychiatric disorders in three different cultural areas. There are three volumes devoted to Basic Principles and General Aspects, offering a general overview of psychopharmacotherapy (Vol. 1); Classes, Drugs and Special Aspects covering the role of psychotropic drugs in the field of psychiatry and neurology (Vol. 2) and Applied Psychopharmacotherapy focusing on applied psychopharmacotherapy (Vol. 3). These books are invaluable to psychiatrists, neurologists, neuroscientists, medical practitioners and clinical psychologists.


Encyclopedia of Sleep

Encyclopedia of Sleep

Author:

Publisher: Academic Press

Published: 2013-01-17

Total Pages: 2626

ISBN-13: 0123786118

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In a world of 24-hour media saturation, sleep has become an increasingly fraught enterprise. The award-winning four-volume Encyclopedia of Sleep, Four Volume Set is the largest reference, either online or in print, on the subject of sleep. Written to be useful for the novice and the established researcher and clinician, Topic areas will include sleep across the life cycle and in other species, sleep and women, sleep and the elderly, pediatric sleep, sleep deprivation and loss, sleep mechanisms, sleep physiology and pathophysiology, sleep disorders, neurobiology, chronobiology, pharmacology, and impact of other disorders on sleep. Recognizing the many fields that are connected to sleep science, the editorial team has been carefully chosen to do justice to this highly interdisciplinary field of study. The steady growth of researchers and clinicians in the sleep field attests to the continued interest in the scientific study of sleep and the management of patients with sleep disorders, and anyone involved in this exciting field should find this work to be an invaluable reference. 2013 PROSE Award winner for Multivolume Reference in Science from the Association of American Publishers Thoroughly interdisciplinary: looks at sleep throughout the life cycle, with exceptional coverage of basic sleep concepts, the physiology of sleep as well as sleep disorders of all descriptions Excellent coverage of sleep and special populations, covering the lifespan, as well as gender and ethnic differences, among others Chapters focusing on sleep disorders are grouped under the broad categories classified in the ICSD-2 for clear organization so that the reader can effectively access the steps involved in diagnosing and treating these disorders Online version is linked both within the encyclopedia (to related content) and to external sources (such as primary journal content) so that users have easy access to more detailed information if needed


Movement Disorders

Movement Disorders

Author: C. David Marsden

Publisher: Butterworth-Heinemann

Published: 2013-10-22

Total Pages: 394

ISBN-13: 1483163148

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Neurology, Volume 2: Movement Disorders is a part of an international series of critical reviews of topics in neurology. This volume focuses on Parkinsonism and dyskinesia, a condition characterized by abnormal involuntary movements. Organized into 18 chapters, this book first elucidates the problems, causes, pathology, brain neurotransmitter changes and receptors, depression, dementia, fluctuations of disability, and treatment of Parkinson's disease. Subsequent chapters then explore the problems, controversies, and surgical approaches involved in certain dyskinesias. The role of dopamine receptors in movement disorders is also explored. This book will be valuable to neurologists-in-training, as well as to those in research field or in practice in this field of interest. The book's clinical content will help in the management of patients with movement disorders.


Peripheral Dopamine Pathophysiology

Peripheral Dopamine Pathophysiology

Author: Francesco Amenta

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2019-06-04

Total Pages: 495

ISBN-13: 1000013138

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First Published in 1989, this book offers a full, comprehensive guide into the role of Dopamine in the Periphery. Carefully compiled and filled with a vast repertoire of notes, diagrams, and references this book serves as a useful reference for Students of Medicine, and other practitioners in their respective fields.


Receptors as Supramolecular Entities

Receptors as Supramolecular Entities

Author: Giovanni Biggio

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2013-10-22

Total Pages: 493

ISBN-13: 1483155501

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Advances in the Biosciences, Volume 44: Receptors as Supramolecular Entities exemplifies the concept of transmitter and cotransmitter interactions using GABA receptor as a model. The book contains papers on the interaction of sulpiride and other substituted benzamides with dopamine receptors where the result of receptor stimulation is not a stimulation of cyclic AMP formation. The text also offers a panoramic view of the concepts that are being elaborated to reach a better understanding of the function of the receptors for the most important neurotransmitters operative in brain.


Levodopa pharmacokinetics -from stomach to brain

Levodopa pharmacokinetics -from stomach to brain

Author: Maria Nord

Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press

Published: 2019-01-07

Total Pages: 81

ISBN-13: 9176855570

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Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders and it is caused by a loss of dopamine (DA) producing neurons in the basal ganglia in the brain. The PD patient suffers from motor symptoms such as tremor, bradykinesia and rigidity and treatment with levodopa (LD), the precursor of DA, has positive effects on these symptoms. Several factors affect the availability of orally given LD. Gastric emptying (GE) is one factor and it has been shown to be delayed in PD patients resulting in impaired levodopa uptake. Different enzymes metabolize LD on its way from the gut to the brain resulting in less LD available in the brain and more side effects from the metabolites. By adding dopa decarboxylase inhibitors (carbidopa or benserazide) or COMT-inhibitors (e.g. entacapone) the bioavailability of LD increases significantly and more LD can pass the blood-brain-barrier and be converted to DA in the brain. It has been considered of importance to avoid high levodopa peaks in the brain because this seems to induce changes in postsynaptic dopaminergic neurons causing disabling motor complications in PD patients. More continuously given LD, e.g. duodenal or intravenous (IV) infusions, has been shown to improve these motor complications. Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN DBS) has also been proven to improve motor complications and to make it possible to reduce the LD dosage in PD patients. In this doctoral thesis the main purpose is to study the pharmacokinetics of LD in patients with PD and motor complications; in blood and subcutaneous tissue and study the effect of GE and PD stage on LD uptake and the effect of continuously given LD (CDS) on LD uptake and GE; in blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) when adding the peripheral enzyme inhibitors entacapone and carbidopa to LD infusion IV; in brain during STN DBSand during oral or IV LD treatment. To conclude, LD uptake is more favorable in PD patients with less severe disease and GE is delayed in PD patients. No obvious relation between LD uptake and GE or between GE and PD stage is seen and CDS decreases the LD levels. Entacapone increases the maximal concentration of LD in blood and CSF. This is more evident with additional carbidopa and important to consider in avoiding high LD peaks in brain during PD treatment. LD in brain increases during both oral and IV LD treatment and the DA levels follows LD well indicating that PD patients still have capacity to metabolize LD to DA despite probable pronounced nigral degeneration. STN DBS seems to increase putaminal DA levels and together with IV LD treatment also increases LD in brain possibly explaining why it is possible to decrease LD medication after STN DBS surgery. Parkinsons sjukdom (PS) är en av de vanligaste s.k. neurodegenerativasjukdomarna och orsakas av förlust av dopamin(DA)producerande nervceller i hjärnan. Detta orsakar motoriska symptom såsom skakningar, stelhet och förlångsammade rörelser. Levodopa (LD) är ett ämne, som kan omvandlas till DA i hjärnan och ge symptomlindring och det är oftast förstahandsval vid behandling av patienter med PS. Flera faktorer påverkar tillgängligheten av LD, bl.a. den hastighet som magsäcken tömmer sig med och denna verkar förlångsammad hos personer med PS vilket ger sämre tillgänglighet av LD i blodet och därmed i hjärnan. LD bryts även ner i hög grad av olika enzym ute i kroppen vilket leder till mindre mängd LD som hamnar i hjärnan och till fler nedbrytningsprodukter som orsakar biverkningar. Tillägg av enzymhämmare leder till ökad mängd LD som kan nå hjärnan och omvandlas till DA. Det anses viktigt att undvika höga toppar av LD i hjärnan då dessa verkar bidra till utvecklandet av besvärliga motoriska komplikationer hos patienter med PS. Om LD ges mer kontinuerligt, exempelvis som en kontinuerlig infusion in i tarmen eller i blodet, så minskar dessa motoriska komplikationer. Inopererande av stimulatorer i vissa delar av hjärnan (DBS) har också visat sig minska dessa motoriska komplikationer och även resultera i att man kan minska LD-dosen. Huvudsyftet med den här avhandlingen är att studera LD hos patienter med PS; i blod och fettvävnad då LD ges i tablettform och se om det finns något samband med LD-upptag och hastigheten på magsäckstömningen (MT) och om kontinuerligt given LD påverkar LD-upptaget eller MT; i blod och i ryggmärgsvätska då enzymhämmarna entakapon och karbidopa tillsätts LD; i hjärna vid behandling med DBS och då LD ges både som tablett och som infusion i blodet. Sammanfattningsvis kan vi se att LD-upptaget är mer gynnsamt hos patienter med PS i tidigare skede av sjukdomens komplikationsfas. MT är förlångsammad hos patienter med PS och det är inget tydligt samband mellan LD-upptag och MT eller mellan MT och sjukdomsgrad. Kontinuerligt given LD minskar LDnivåerna. Enzymhämmaren entakapon ökar den maximala koncentrationen av LD i blod och ryggmärgsvätska och effekten är mer tydlig vid tillägg av karbidopa vilket är viktigt att ta i beaktande vid behandling av PS för att undvika höga toppar av LD i hjärnan. LD ökar i hjärnan då man behandlar med LD i tablettform och som infusion i blodet och DA-nivåerna i hjärnan följer LD väl vilket visar på att patienter med PS fortfarande kan omvandla LD till DA trots trolig uttalad brist av de DA-producerande nervcellerna i hjärnan. DBS verkar öka DA i vissa områden i hjärnan och tillsammans med LD-infusion i blodet verkar det även öka LD i hjärnan och det kan förklara varför man kan sänka LDdosen efter DBS-operation.