Design of Multilayer Electrolyte for Next Generation Lithium Batteries
Design of Multilayer Electrolyte for Next Generation Lithium Batteries

Author: Nina Mahootcheian Asl

Publisher:

Published: 2013

Total Pages: 206

ISBN-13:

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Rechargeable lithium ion batteries are widely used in portable consumer electronics such as cellphones, laptops, etc. These batteries are capable to provide high energy density with no memory effect and they have small self-discharge when they are not in use, which increases their potential for future electric vehicles. Investigators are attempting to improve the performance of these cells by focusing on the energy density, cost, safety, and durability. The energy density improves with high operation voltage and high capacity. Before any further development of high voltage materials, safe electrolytes with high ionic conductivity, wide electrochemical window, and high stability with both electrodes need to be developed. In this thesis a new strategy was investigated to develop electrolytes that can contribute to the further development of battery technology. The first study is focused on preparing a hybrid electrolyte, the combination of inorganic solid and organic liquid, for lithium based rechargeable batteries to illustrate the effect of electrode/electrolyte interfacing on electrochemical performance. This system behaves as a self-safety device at higher temperatures and provides better performance in comparison with the solid electrolyte cell, and it is also competitive with the pure liquid electrolyte cell. Then a multilayer electrolyte cell (MEC) was designed and developed as a new tool for investigating electrode/electrolyte interfacial reactions in a battery system. The MEC consists of two liquid electrolytes (L.E.) separated by a solid electrolyte (S.E.) which prevents electrolyte crossover while selectively transporting Li+ ions. The MEC successfully reproduced the performance of LiFePO4 comparable with that obtained from coin cells. In addition, the origin of capacity fading in LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4full-cell (with graphite negative electrode) was studied using the MEC. The performance of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 MEC full-cell was superior to that of coin full-cell by eliminating the Mn dissolution problem on graphite negative electrode as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. The MEC can be a strong tool for identifying the electrochemical performances of future high voltage positive electrode materials and their electrode/electrolyte interfacial reactions. Finally, by employing the multilayer electrolyte concept, a new application will be introduced to recycle the lithium. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using water and the contents of waste Li-ion batteries for the electrodes in a Li-liquid battery system. Li metal was collected electrochemically from a waste Li-ion battery containing Li-ion source materials from the battery's anode, cathode, and electrolyte, thereby recycling the Li contained in the waste battery at the room temperature.

Designing Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion and Post-Lithium Batteries
Designing Electrolytes for Lithium-Ion and Post-Lithium Batteries

Author: Władysław Wieczorek

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2021-06-23

Total Pages: 345

ISBN-13: 1000076806

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Every electrochemical source of electric current is composed of two electrodes with an electrolyte in between. Since storage capacity depends predominantly on the composition and design of the electrodes, most research and development efforts have been focused on them. Considerably less attention has been paid to the electrolyte, a battery’s basic component. This book fills this gap and shines more light on the role of electrolytes in modern batteries. Today, limitations in lithium-ion batteries result from non-optimal properties of commercial electrolytes as well as scientific and engineering challenges related to novel electrolytes for improved lithium-ion as well as future post-lithium batteries.

Novel Materials for Next Generation Lithium Batteries
Novel Materials for Next Generation Lithium Batteries

Author: Xing Xing

Publisher:

Published: 2020

Total Pages: 130

ISBN-13:

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Lithium-ion batteries are one of the most promising energy storage devices for their light weight and superior cycling stability. However, the state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries cannot satisfy the ever-increasing market demand of high energy density electrochemical energy devices. Advanced lithium batteries based on novel electrode materials could provide higher energy density thus become a hot research topic.This dissertation will discuss the designs and applications of novel electrode materials to address the performance challenges for different types of energy storage devices. Chapter 2 provides a new strategy to fabricate a "lithium-free" all-solid-state battery. The 3D hybrid anode design improves the cycling stability of all-solid-state batteries by overcoming the commonly observed cell failure due to the electrode volume change and lithium dendrite growth. This design provides a promising approach towards a high energy density, long life, and low-cost all-solid-state battery technology. In Chapter 3, a concentrated ether--based electrolyte with LiTFSI and LiNO3 as cosalts is proposed, which enables stable cycling of a Li-SPAN battery. In addition to providing excellent protection for lithium metal anodes by forming the solid electrolyte interface (SEI), the electrolyte promotes the formation of a crystalline cathode electrolyte interface (CEI) on the SPAN surface composed of LiF and LiNO2. The CEI effectively prevents the formation of soluble polysulfide species and enables stable cycling of the Li-SPAN batteries. In Chapter 4, a V2O5-Si multi-layer composite anode is proposed and fabricated. The mixed conductive V2O5 layer effectively confines the volume change of Si layer and prevents the parasitic reactions between Si and electrolyte. This strategy enables the anode a long cycle life as well as a long calendar life while maintaining high energy density.

Nanostructured Materials for Next-Generation Energy Storage and Conversion
Nanostructured Materials for Next-Generation Energy Storage and Conversion

Author: Qiang Zhen

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2019-10-10

Total Pages: 472

ISBN-13: 3662586754

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Volume 3 of a 4-volume series is a concise, authoritative and an eminently readable and enjoyable experience related to lithium ion battery design, characterization and usage for portable and stationary power. Although the major focus is on lithium metal oxides or transition metal oxide as alloys, the discussion of fossil fuels is also presented where appropriate. This monograph is written by recognized experts in the field, and is both timely and appropriate as this decade will see application of lithium as an energy carrier, for example in the transportation sector. This Volume focuses on the fundamentals related to batteries using the latest research in the field of battery physics, chemistry, and electrochemistry. The research summarised in this book by leading experts is laid out in an easy-to-understand format to enable the layperson to grasp the essence of the technology, its pitfalls and current challenges in high-power Lithium battery research. After introductory remarks on policy and battery safety, a series of monographs are offered related to fundamentals of lithium batteries, including, theoretical modeling, simulation and experimental techniques used to characterize electrode materials, both at the material composition, and also at the device level. The different properties specific to each component of the batteries are discussed in order to offer tradeoffs between power and energy density, energy cycling, safety and where appropriate end-of-life disposal. Parameters affecting battery performance and cost, longevity using newer metal oxides, different electrolytes are also reviewed in the context of safety concerns and in relation to the solid-electrolyte interface. Separators, membranes, solid-state electrolytes, and electrolyte additives are also reviewed in light of safety, recycling, and high energy endurance issues. The book is intended for a wide audience, such as scientists who are new to the field, practitioners, as well as students in the STEM and STEP fields, as well as students working on batteries. The sections on safety and policy would be of great interest to engineers and technologists who want to obtain a solid grounding in the fundamentals of battery science arising from the interaction of electrochemistry, solid-state materials science, surfaces, and interfaces.

Materials Design and Fundamental Understanding of Lithium Metal Anode for Next-generation Batteries
Materials Design and Fundamental Understanding of Lithium Metal Anode for Next-generation Batteries

Author: Yayuan Liu

Publisher:

Published: 2018

Total Pages:

ISBN-13:

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Lithium batteries profoundly impact our society, from portable electronics to the electrification of transportation and even to grid−scale energy storage for intermittent renewable energies. In order to achieve much higher energy density than the state−of−the−art, new battery chemistries are currently being actively investigated. Among all the possible material choices, metallic lithium is the ultimate candidate for battery anode, thanks to its highest theoretical capacity. Therefore, after falling into oblivion for several decades due to safety concerns, metallic Li is now ready for a revival. In the first chapter, I introduce the working mechanisms and limitations of the state−of−the−art battery chemistries and provide an overview of promising new battery chemistries based on metallic lithium anode. The current status of lithium metal anode research is also comprehensively summarized. In the second chapter, I discuss one particular failure mode of metallic lithium anode that has long been overlooked by the battery community, which is the infinite relative volume change of the electrode during cycling. To tackle this problem, novel three−dimensional lithium metal−host material composite designs will be demonstrated. Chapter three focuses on further improving the electrochemical performance of three−dimensional lithium metal anodes with surface coatings. Two examples of lithium metal coatings are given, which have been demonstrated effective for protecting reactive lithium from parasitic reactions with liquid electrolytes and mechanically suppressing nonuniform lithium deposition morphology. Chapter four discusses how the physiochemical properties of the solid−electrolyte interphase, dictated by electrolyte composition, affect the electrochemical behavior of metallic lithium. A special electrolyte additive has been discovered to enable high efficiency lithium cycling in carbonate−based electrolytes used exclusively in almost all commercial lithium-ion batteries. Moreover, the mechanisms behind the improved performance have been studied based on the structure, ion−transport properties, and charge−transfer kinetics of the modified interfacial environment using advanced characterization techniques. In Chapter five, I explore a paradigm shift in designing solid−state lithium metal batteries based on three−dimensional lithium architecture and a flowable interfacial layer. The new design concept can be generally applied to various solid electrolyte systems and the resulting solid-state batteries are capable of high−capacity, high−power operations. In the final part of the dissertation, I present my perspectives and outlooks for the future research in this field. The commercialization of high−energy and safe batteries based on lithium metal chemistry requires continuous efforts in various aspects, including electrode design, electrolyte engineering, development of advanced characterization/diagnosis technologies, full−battery engineering, and possible sensor design for safe battery operation, etc. Ultimately, the combinations of various approaches might be required to make lithium metal anode a viable technology.

Electrolytes for Lithium and Lithium-Ion Batteries
Electrolytes for Lithium and Lithium-Ion Batteries

Author: T. Richard Jow

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2014-05-06

Total Pages: 488

ISBN-13: 1493903020

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Electrolytes for Lithium and Lithium-ion Batteries provides a comprehensive overview of the scientific understanding and technological development of electrolyte materials in the last several years. This book covers key electrolytes such as LiPF6 salt in mixed-carbonate solvents with additives for the state-of-the-art Li-ion batteries as well as new electrolyte materials developed recently that lay the foundation for future advances. This book also reviews the characterization of electrolyte materials for their transport properties, structures, phase relationships, stabilities, and impurities. The book discusses in-depth the electrode-electrolyte interactions and interphasial chemistries that are key for the successful use of the electrolyte in practical devices. The Quantum Mechanical and Molecular Dynamical calculations that has proved to be so powerful in understanding and predicating behavior and properties of materials is also reviewed in this book. Electrolytes for Lithium and Lithium-ion Batteries is ideal for electrochemists, engineers, researchers interested in energy science and technology, material scientists, and physicists working on energy.

Design of Advanced Polymer Electrolyte for High Performance Lithium and Sodium Batteries
Design of Advanced Polymer Electrolyte for High Performance Lithium and Sodium Batteries

Author: Wenfeng Liang

Publisher:

Published: 2020

Total Pages: 259

ISBN-13:

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The energy density of lithium ion batteries (LIBs) is limited by the capacities of the electrode materials. Lithium metal is a promising anode material for future LIBs due to its high theoretical specific capacity (3,860 mAh/g) and low redox potential (-3.04 V vs. standard hydrogen electrode). However, lithium plating in liquid electrolyte will form Li dendritic structure and subsequently penetrate the porous polymeric separator, resulting in battery short circuiting. A straightforward method to suppress the growth of lithium dendrites is to replace the liquid phase electrolyte with a solid-state one. Among different solid-state electrolyte candidates, solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) is advantageous due to its flexible nature and low-cost raw material. However, SPE typically exhibits low ionic conductivity compared to its liquid electrolyte counterpart, which thus could result in restricted use in battery applications. In this work, a rational approach to achieve highly ionic conductive and electrochemically stable SPEs will be discussed. A phase-diagram was firstly mapped out to provide guidance in designing a composite electrolyte with high ionic conductivity at room temperature. The thermal and electrochemical stability of SPE were then characterized. A dual-salt base electrolyte with lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBOB) and bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide (LiTFSI) exhibited excellent electrochemical stability from the passivation layer formed between the electrode/electrolyte interface. In addition, SPEs based on crosslinked fluoropolymer and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) were investigated. Those properties of SPE enable the fabrication of solid-state batteries with lithium metal as an anode. Lithium plating/striping experiments and battery tests were conducted, and the results indicated that the dual-salt SPE could be a promising candidate electrolyte for next generation solid-state rechargeable battery. Sodium ion batteries display good performance yet with limited protection for the inevitable sodium dendrite growth if coupled with metallic sodium electrode, which is an adverse phenomenon that would eventually result in the deterioration of the battery. SPEs with superior ionic conductivity and outstanding electrochemical stability are promising for the all solid-state sodium batteries in grid-storage applications. In this study, a transparent free-standing SPE membrane comprising sodium perchlorate (NaClO4), PEGDA and plastic crystal molecules was fabricated. This sodium based SPE exhibits high sodium-ion conductive property (over 0.925 mS/cm at 30 oC) while being electrochemically stable. A rational approach has also been designed and achieved by using the phase diagram. The NaClO4-based SPE can not only exhibit excellent electrochemical stability with metallic sodium electrode, but also provide remarkable current rate and long-term cycling performance for the solid-state sodium metal batteries (SMB).

Liquid Electrolyte Chemistry for Lithium Metal Batteries
Liquid Electrolyte Chemistry for Lithium Metal Batteries

Author: Jianmin Ma

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2022-02-09

Total Pages: 299

ISBN-13: 3527836381

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Liquid Electrolyte Chemistry for Lithium Metal Batteries An of-the-moment treatment of liquid electrolytes used in lithium metal batteries Considered by many as the most-promising next-generation batteries, lithium metal batteries have grown in popularity due to their low potential and high capacity. Crucial to the development of this technology, electrolytes can provide efficient electrode electrolyte interfaces, assuring the interconversion of chemical and electrical energy. The quality of electrode electrolyte interphase, in turn, directly governs the performance of batteries. In Liquid Electrolyte Chemistry, provides a comprehensive look at the current understanding and status of research regarding liquid electrolytes for lithium metal batteries. Offering an introduction to lithium-based batteries from development history to their working mechanisms, the book further offers a glimpse at modification strategies of anode electrolyte interphases and cathode electrolytic interphases. More, by discussing the high-voltage electrolytes from their solvents—organic solvents and ionic liquids—to electrolyte additives, the text provides a thorough understanding on liquid electrolyte chemistry in the remit of lithium metal batteries. Liquid Electrolyte Chemistry for Lithium Metal Batteries readers will also find: A unique focus that reviews the development of liquid electrolytes for lithium metal batteries State-of-the-art progress and development of electrolytes for lithium metal batteries Consideration of safety, focusing the design principles of flame retardant and non-flammable electrolytes Principles and progress on low temperature and high temperature electrolytes Liquid Electrolyte Chemistry for Lithium Metal Batteries is a useful reference for electrochemists, solid state chemists, inorganic chemists, physical chemists, surface chemists, materials scientists, and the libraries that supply them.

Nanostructured Polymer Electrolyte Designs for Lithium-ion Batteries
Nanostructured Polymer Electrolyte Designs for Lithium-ion Batteries

Author: Melody A. Morris

Publisher:

Published: 2022

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) have become dominant energy storage devices because of their high energy densities, minimal memory effects, and low self-discharge rates. However, the mechanical failure of the liquid electrolyte present in most commercial LiBs have led to a number of high-profile incidents, including the grounding of the Boeing Dreamliner airplane. To replace the liquid electrolyte, block polymers (BPs), in which one polymer block has mechanical integrity (high glass transition temperature [Tg] and shear modulus) and the other is efficient at solvating and conducting lithium ions, have been harnessed as a way to decouple the competing constraints required in an electrolyte material. Polystyrene-block-poly(oligo-oxyethylene methacrylate) [PS-b-POEM]-based BPs were used throughout these studies. Four approaches have been leveraged in this dissertation work to improve the mechanical and electrochemical properties of BP electrolytes. First, self-doped BP materials have been developed to reduce the concentration polarization in the electrolyte so that only lithium ions were mobile. The lithium conductivity of these materials were similar to the salt-doped BPs upon normalization by the Tg of the conducting block, and strategies to further improve the lithium conductivity are suggested. Second, the lithium and polymer distributions were established quantitatively in a salt-doped BP electrolyte material, and key properties, like the effective Flory-Huggins interaction parameter, were calculated using strong segregation theory. Third, homopolymer-blended BP composite electrolytes were studied as a function of the homopolymer molecular weight. Though blends with lower-molecular-weight homopolymers had higher lithium mobilities, blends with higher-molecular-weight homopolymers showed enhanced ionic conductivity as a result of structural differences. Finally, a BP in which the high-Tg component was replaced with a bio-based alternative, poly(guaiacyl methacrylate), was probed. The conductivity of the bio-based BP was higher than that of the PS-b-POEM BP doped at similar lithium concentrations, and replacement of the PGM with a higher-Tg bio-based component would promote improved conductivities at higher operating temperatures with maintained mechanical robustness. Overall, the work in this dissertation contributed new strategies that promoted the enhancement of mechanical and electrochemical properties in BP electrolytes for next-generation LiBs.