This report presents a cost analysis of Cumene production from benzene and polymer grade (PG) propylene. The process examined is a typical alkylation process. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): Keywords: Isopropylbenzene, Phenol, Cumene Hydroperoxide
This report presents a cost analysis of Phenol production from cumene. The process examined is a typical hydroperoxidation process. In this process, acetone is generated as by-product. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): Keywords: Isopropylbenzene, Carbolic Acid, Polimeri Europa, EniChem, Sunoco/UOP
This report presents a cost analysis of Benzene production from pyrolysis gasoline (pygas). The process examined is a typical extractive distillation process. First pygas is fractionated into 3 hydrocarbon cuts, a C5s stream and a heavies stream are generated as by-products. The remaining C6s fraction is then fed to an extractive distillation system to recover benzene. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): "Benzene", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 7th edition Keywords: BTX, Aromatics, Hydrotreatment, Diprolene, Distapex, Lurgi, ED
This report presents a cost analysis of Laurolactam production from cyclododecane The process examined is similar to the one owned by Evonik. The process examined involves the following steps: cyclododecane oxidation to cyclododecanol; cyclododecanol dehydrogenation to cyclododecanone; cyclododecanone oximation; and, finally, oxime rearrangement to produce laurolactam. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): "Cyclododecanol, Cyclododecanone, and Laurolactam," Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 7th edition Keywords: Nylon-12, Polyamide 12, PA12, Huls, Degussa, Evonik, Oxime, Beckmann Rearrangement
This report presents a cost analysis of Polymer Grade (PG) Propylene production from ethylene and raffinate-2 using a metathesis process. The process examined is similar to CB&I Lummus Technology's Olefins Conversion Technology (OCT). In this process, Polymer Grade Propylene is produced through a metathesis reaction of ethylene with 2-butene, present in raffinate-2 feedstock. This report examines one-time costs associated with the construction of a plant and the continuing costs associated with the daily operation of such a plant. More specifically, it discusses: * Capital Investment, broken down by: - Total fixed capital required, divided in process unit (ISBL); infrastructure (OSBL), contingency and owner's cost - Total fixed capital required, divided in process unit (ISBL); infrastructure (OSBL), contingency and owner's cost - Working capital and costs incurred during industrial plant commissioning and start-up * Operating cost, broken down by: - Variable operating costs (raw materials, utilities) - Fixed operating costs (maintenance, operating charges, plant overhead, local taxes and insurance) - Depreciation This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): (1) US Patent 8440874, issued to Lummus Technology and BASF in 2013 (2) US Patent 20050124839, issued to Lummus Technology in 2005 Keywords: PG Propylene, Olefins Disproportionation, Lummus OCT, Olefins Metathesis, Phillips Triolefin, Propene, Ethene, Butylene, On-Purpose Propylene Production
This report presents a cost analysis of Phenol production from cumene The process examined is a typical hydroperoxidation process. In this process, acetone is generated as by-product. This report was developed based essentially on the following reference(s): Keywords: Isopropylbenzene, Carbolic Acid, Polimeri Europa, EniChem, Sunoco/UOP
Chemical reaction engineering is concerned with the exploitation of chemical reactions on a commercial scale. It's goal is the successful design and operation of chemical reactors. This text emphasizes qualitative arguments, simple design methods, graphical procedures, and frequent comparison of capabilities of the major reactor types. Simple ideas are treated first, and are then extended to the more complex.
Fundamentals of Petroleum Refining presents the fundamentals of thermodynamics and kinetics, and it explains the scientific background essential for understanding refinery operations. The text also provides a detailed introduction to refinery engineering topics, ranging from the basic principles and unit operations to overall refinery economics. The book covers important topics, such as clean fuels, gasification, biofuels, and environmental impact of refining, which are not commonly discussed in most refinery textbooks. Throughout the source, problem sets and examples are given to help the reader practice and apply the fundamental principles of refining. Chapters 1-10 can be used as core materials for teaching undergraduate courses. The first two chapters present an introduction to the petroleum refining industry and then focus on feedstocks and products. Thermophysical properties of crude oils and petroleum fractions, including processes of atmospheric and vacuum distillations, are discussed in Chapters 3 and 4. Conversion processes, product blending, and alkylation are covered in chapters 5-10. The remaining chapters discuss hydrogen production, clean fuel production, refining economics and safety, acid gas treatment and removal, and methods for environmental and effluent treatments. This source can serve both professionals and students (on undergraduate and graduate levels) of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Chemistry, and Chemical Technology. Beginners in the engineering field, specifically in the oil and gas industry, may also find this book invaluable. - Provides balanced coverage of fundamental and operational topics - Includes spreadsheets and process simulators for showing trends and simulation case studies - Relates processing to planning and management to give an integrated picture of refining
This book provides tabular and text data relating to normal and diseased tissue materials and materials used in medical devices. Comprehensive and practical for students, researchers, engineers, and practicing physicians who use implants, this book considers the materials aspects of both implantable materials and natural tissues and fluids. Examples of materials and topics covered include titanium, elastomers, degradable biomaterials, composites, scaffold materials for tissue engineering, dental implants, sterilization effects on material properties, metallic alloys, and much more. Each chapter author considers the intrinsic and interactive properties of biomaterials, as well as their appropriate applications and historical contexts. Now in an updated second edition, this book also contains two new chapters on the cornea and on vocal folds, as well as updated insights, data, and citations for several chapters.