Literary Circles and Gender in Early Modern Europe
Literary Circles and Gender in Early Modern Europe

Author: Julie Campbell

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2018-01-18

Total Pages: 372

ISBN-13: 135115382X

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A comparative analysis, this study examines the interactions of early modern male and female writers within the context of literary circles. In particular, Campbell examines how the querelle des femmes as a discursive rhetorical tradition of praise and blame influenced perceptions of well-educated women who were part of literary circles in Italy, France, and England from approximately 1530 to 1650. To gain a better sense of how querelle language and issues were used for or against learned women writers, Campbell aligns selected works by female and male writers, pairing them to analyze how the woman writer responds, deflects, or rewrites the male writer's ideological script on women. She focuses first on the courtesan Tullia d'Aragona's response in her Dialogo della infinità di amore to Sperone Speroni's Dialogo di amore, and contrasts the actress/writer Isabella Andreini's pastoral La Mirtilla with Torquato Tasso's Aminta. She then discusses the influence of Italian actresses upon the manners and mores of French women of the Valois court, especially focusing on performative aspects of French women's participation in court and salon rituals. To that end, she examines the influential salon of the aristocratic, learned Claude-Catherine de Clermont, duchesse de Retz, who encouraged the writing of positive querelle rhetoric in the form of Petrarchan, Neoplatonic encomiastic poetry to buttress her reputation and that of her female friends. Next, Campbell reads Louise Lab D‘t de Folie et d'Amour against Pontus de Tyard's Solitaire premier to illustrate the tensions between a traditional and nontraditional querelle stance. She then discusses Continental influence upon English writers in the context of the Sidney circle in England. Moving to the closet dramas of the Sidney circle, Campbell examines the solidarity these writers demonstrated with nontraditional stances on querelle issues, and, finally, she explores how three generations of English literary circles con

Global Christianity
Global Christianity

Author: Frans Jozef Servaas Wijsen

Publisher: Rodopi

Published: 2007

Total Pages: 233

ISBN-13: 9042021926

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In 2002 Philip Jenkins wrote The Next Christendom. Over the past half century the centre of gravity of the Christian world has moved decisively to the global South, says Jenkins. Within a few decades European and Euro-American Christians will have become a small fragment of world Christianity. By that time Christianity in Europe and North America will to a large extent consist of Southern-derived immigrant communities. Southern churches will fulfil neither the Liberation Dream nor the Conservative Dream of the North, but will seek their own solutions to their particular problems. Jenkins' book evoked strong reactions, a bit to his own surprise, as the book contained little new. In the United States of America, the prospect of a more biblical Christianity caused reactions of alarm in liberal circles. In contrast, conservatives were delighted by the same prospect. In Europe the book landed in the middle of the debate on Europe as an exceptional case. It was detested by those who stick to the theory of ongoing and irreversible secularisation and welcomed by those who see a resurgence of religion, also in Europe. In the present volume, scholars of religion and theologians assess the global trends in World Christianity as described in Philip Jenkins' book. It is the outcome of an international conference on Southern Christianity and its relation to Christianity in the North, held in the Conference Centre of Radboud University Nijmegen, the Netherlands.

Science
Science

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 1891

Total Pages: 746

ISBN-13:

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Vols. for 1911-13 contain the Proceedings of the Helminothological Society of Washington, ISSN 0018-0120, 1st-15th meeting.

The Ocean of Heroes
The Ocean of Heroes

Author: Tsunehiko Sugiki

Publisher: MDPI

Published: 2022-06-03

Total Pages: 418

ISBN-13: 3036520325

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The Śrīḍākārṇavamahāyoginītantrarāja (abbreviated to Ḍākārṇava, “Ocean of Ḍākas or Heroes”) is one of the last scriptures belonging to the Buddhist Saṃvara tradition in South Asia. It was composed in the eastern area of the Indian subcontinent sometime between the late 10th and 12th centuries, and its extant version was most likely compiled around the early 12th century. Chapter 15 of the Ḍākārṇava, (hereafter Ḍākārṇava 15) teaches a large-scale and elaborate maṇḍala of the highest god Heruka that comprises 986 major deities. This monograph presents the first critical edition and English translation (with annotation) of the Sanskrit text of the Ḍākārṇava 15, elucidates its form and meanings, and clarifies its significance in the history of Buddhism in South Asia. I also provide the first critical edition and English translation (with annotation) of Jayasena's Ratnapadmarāganidhi ("Precious Ruby Treasury," composed in the 12th century), which is the oldest manual for visualizing the Heruka maṇḍala of the Ḍākārṇava 15. In the last stage of the history of Tantric Buddhism in India, when various Buddhist Tantric traditions were already present, some texts were composed, such as the Kālacakratantra and the Vajrāvalī of Abhayākaragupta. These texts provide inclusive Tantric systems in which various preceding traditions are integrated and reorganized. The Ḍākārṇava is one such text. The Heruka maṇḍala in the Ḍākārṇava 15 is comprehensive and integrates deities from various Tantric traditions and components of the Buddhist cosmos within the framework of the Saṃvara system.

Atlas of Africa
Atlas of Africa

Author: Karen Foster

Publisher: Capstone

Published: 2008

Total Pages: 18

ISBN-13: 1404838805

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Features maps and information about the countries, geography, ecology, population, customs, transportation, and economy of Africa.

Teaching and Learning English in Non-English-Speaking Countries
Teaching and Learning English in Non-English-Speaking Countries

Author: Shahnaz Shoro

Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing

Published: 2019-01-29

Total Pages: 185

ISBN-13: 1527527204

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The English language is currently used as a second or foreign language in those countries which had once been British colonies. For example, when united India was partitioned into two main countries, India and Pakistan, it was intended that English would gradually be replaced as the language of administration in both countries. However, as the countries were also home to several regional languages, attempts to introduce a sole official language and abolish English as the second official language have never succeeded. In today’s world, English is the language of the cultural, social and political elite, offering significant economic, political and social advantages to fluent speakers. Speakers of the English language automatically enjoy greater social status and have easier access to positions of power and influence. Learning and teaching the English language has therefore become a concern for those who cannot afford to study in native-speaking countries or at local expensive English-medium schools. This book provides various government and non-government educational and professional institutions with simple and practical language-learning courses which fulfil the requirements of people who want to learn English. It will be of great interest to a wide variety of readers, including teachers, language learners, students, linguistic departments, general readers who are struggling to learn English, and professionals who want to overcome the language barrier.