Computing with Words
Computing with Words

Author: Lotfi A. Zadeh

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2012-07-11

Total Pages: 146

ISBN-13: 3642274730

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In essence, Computing with Words (CWW) is a system of computation in which the objects of computation are predominantly words, phrases and propositions drawn from a natural language. CWW is based on fuzzy logic. In science there is a deep-seated tradition of according much more respect to numbers than to words. In a fundamental way, CWW is a challenge to this tradition. What is not widely recognized is that, today, words are used in place of numbers in a wide variety of applications ranging from digital cameras and household appliances to fraud detection systems, biomedical instrumentation and subway trains. CWW offers a unique capability—the capability to precisiate natural language. Unprecisiated (raw) natural language cannot be computed with. A key concept which underlies precisiation of meaning is that of the meaning postulate: A proposition, p, is a restriction on the values which a variable, X—a variable which is implicit in p—is allowed to take. CWW has an important ramification for mathematics. Addition of the formalism of CWW to mathematics empowers mathematics to construct mathematical solutions of computational problems which are stated in a natural language. Traditional mathematics does not have this capability.

Rough-Neural Computing
Rough-Neural Computing

Author: Sankar Kumar Pal

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 741

ISBN-13: 3642188591

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Soft computing comprises various paradigms dedicated to approximately solving real-world problems, e.g. in decision making, classification or learning; among these paradigms are fuzzy sets, rough sets, neural networks, genetic algorithms, and others. It is well understood now in the soft computing community that hybrid approaches combining various paradigms are very promising approaches for solving complex problems. Exploiting the potential and strength of both neural networks and rough sets, this book is devoted to rough-neuro computing which is also related to the novel aspect of computing based on information granulation, in particular to computing with words. It provides foundational and methodological issues as well as applications in various fields.

10th International Conference on Theory and Application of Soft Computing, Computing with Words and Perceptions - ICSCCW-2019
10th International Conference on Theory and Application of Soft Computing, Computing with Words and Perceptions - ICSCCW-2019

Author: Rafik A. Aliev

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2019-11-19

Total Pages: 997

ISBN-13: 3030352498

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This book presents the proceedings of the 10th Conference on Theory and Applications of Soft Computing, Computing with Words and Perceptions, ICSCCW 2019, held in Prague, Czech Republic, on August 27–28, 2019. It includes contributions from diverse areas of soft computing and computing with words, such as uncertain computation, decision-making under imperfect information, neuro-fuzzy approaches, deep learning, natural language processing, and others. The topics of the papers include theory and applications of soft computing, information granulation, computing with words, computing with perceptions, image processing with soft computing, probabilistic reasoning, intelligent control, machine learning, fuzzy logic in data analytics and data mining, evolutionary computing, chaotic systems, soft computing in business, economics and finance, fuzzy logic and soft computing in earth sciences, fuzzy logic and soft computing in engineering, fuzzy logic and soft computing in material sciences, soft computing in medicine, biomedical engineering, and pharmaceutical sciences. Showcasing new ideas in the field of theories of soft computing and computing with words and their applications in economics, business, industry, education, medicine, earth sciences, and other fields, it promotes the development and implementation of these paradigms in various real-world contexts. This book is a useful guide for academics, practitioners and graduates.

Natural Language Processing with Python
Natural Language Processing with Python

Author: Steven Bird

Publisher: "O'Reilly Media, Inc."

Published: 2009-06-12

Total Pages: 506

ISBN-13: 0596555717

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This book offers a highly accessible introduction to natural language processing, the field that supports a variety of language technologies, from predictive text and email filtering to automatic summarization and translation. With it, you'll learn how to write Python programs that work with large collections of unstructured text. You'll access richly annotated datasets using a comprehensive range of linguistic data structures, and you'll understand the main algorithms for analyzing the content and structure of written communication. Packed with examples and exercises, Natural Language Processing with Python will help you: Extract information from unstructured text, either to guess the topic or identify "named entities" Analyze linguistic structure in text, including parsing and semantic analysis Access popular linguistic databases, including WordNet and treebanks Integrate techniques drawn from fields as diverse as linguistics and artificial intelligence This book will help you gain practical skills in natural language processing using the Python programming language and the Natural Language Toolkit (NLTK) open source library. If you're interested in developing web applications, analyzing multilingual news sources, or documenting endangered languages -- or if you're simply curious to have a programmer's perspective on how human language works -- you'll find Natural Language Processing with Python both fascinating and immensely useful.

The 2-tuple Linguistic Model
The 2-tuple Linguistic Model

Author: Luis Martínez

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2015-12-09

Total Pages: 179

ISBN-13: 331924714X

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This book examines one of the more common and wide-spread methodologies to deal with uncertainty in real-world decision making problems, the computing with words paradigm, and the fuzzy linguistic approach. The 2-tuple linguistic model is the most popular methodology for computing with words (CWW), because it improves the accuracy of the linguistic computations and keeps the interpretability of the results. The authors provide a thorough review of the specialized literature in CWW and highlight the rapid growth and applicability of the 2-tuple linguistic model. They explore the foundations and methodologies for CWW in complex frameworks and extensions. The book introduces the software FLINTSTONES that provides tools for solving linguistic decision problems based on the 2-tuple linguistic model. Professionals and researchers working in the field of classification or fuzzy sets and systems will find The 2-tuple Linguistic Model: Computing with Words in Decision Making a valuable resource. Undergraduate and postdoctoral students studying computer science and statistics will also find this book a useful study guide.

Code
Code

Author: Charles Petzold

Publisher: Microsoft Press

Published: 2022-08-02

Total Pages: 563

ISBN-13: 0137909292

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The classic guide to how computers work, updated with new chapters and interactive graphics "For me, Code was a revelation. It was the first book about programming that spoke to me. It started with a story, and it built up, layer by layer, analogy by analogy, until I understood not just the Code, but the System. Code is a book that is as much about Systems Thinking and abstractions as it is about code and programming. Code teaches us how many unseen layers there are between the computer systems that we as users look at every day and the magical silicon rocks that we infused with lightning and taught to think." - Scott Hanselman, Partner Program Director, Microsoft, and host of Hanselminutes Computers are everywhere, most obviously in our laptops and smartphones, but also our cars, televisions, microwave ovens, alarm clocks, robot vacuum cleaners, and other smart appliances. Have you ever wondered what goes on inside these devices to make our lives easier but occasionally more infuriating? For more than 20 years, readers have delighted in Charles Petzold's illuminating story of the secret inner life of computers, and now he has revised it for this new age of computing. Cleverly illustrated and easy to understand, this is the book that cracks the mystery. You'll discover what flashlights, black cats, seesaws, and the ride of Paul Revere can teach you about computing, and how human ingenuity and our compulsion to communicate have shaped every electronic device we use. This new expanded edition explores more deeply the bit-by-bit and gate-by-gate construction of the heart of every smart device, the central processing unit that combines the simplest of basic operations to perform the most complex of feats. Petzold's companion website, CodeHiddenLanguage.com, uses animated graphics of key circuits in the book to make computers even easier to comprehend. In addition to substantially revised and updated content, new chapters include: Chapter 18: Let's Build a Clock! Chapter 21: The Arithmetic Logic Unit Chapter 22: Registers and Busses Chapter 23: CPU Control Signals Chapter 24: Jumps, Loops, and Calls Chapter 28: The World Brain From the simple ticking of clocks to the worldwide hum of the internet, Code reveals the essence of the digital revolution.

Computing with Words in Information/Intelligent Systems 1
Computing with Words in Information/Intelligent Systems 1

Author: Lotfi A. Zadeh

Publisher: Physica

Published: 2013-03-09

Total Pages: 523

ISBN-13: 3790818739

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These two volumes consIstmg of Foundations and Applications provide the current status of theoretical and empirical developments in "computing with words". In philosophy, the twentieth century is said to be the century of language. This is mainly due to Wittgenstein who said: "The meaning of a word is its use in the language game". "The concept game is a concept with blurred edges". In the first phrase, "the language game" implies the everyday human activity with language, and in the latter, "game" simply implies an ordinary word. Thus, Wittgenstein precisely stated that a word is fuzzy in real life. Unfortunately this idea about a word was not accepted in the conventional science. We had to wait for Zadeh's fuzzy sets theory. Remembering Wittgenstein's statement, we should consider, on the one hand, the concept of "computing with words" from a philosophical point of view. It deeply relates to the everyday use of a word in which the meaning of a word is fuzzy in its nature.

11th International Conference on Theory and Application of Soft Computing, Computing with Words and Perceptions and Artificial Intelligence - ICSCCW-2021
11th International Conference on Theory and Application of Soft Computing, Computing with Words and Perceptions and Artificial Intelligence - ICSCCW-2021

Author: Rafik A. Aliev

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2022-01-04

Total Pages: 803

ISBN-13: 3030921271

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This book presents the proceedings of the 11th Conference on Theory and Applications of Soft Computing, Computing with Words and Perceptions and Artificial Intelligence, ICSCCW-2021, held in Antalya, Turkey, on August 23–24, 2021. The general scope of the book covers uncertain computation, decision making under imperfect information, neuro-fuzzy approaches, natural language processing, and other areas. The topics of the papers include theory and application of soft computing, computing with words, image processing with soft computing, intelligent control, machine learning, fuzzy logic in data mining, soft computing in business, economics, engineering, material sciences, biomedical engineering, and health care. This book is a useful guide for academics, practitioners, and graduates in fields of soft computing and computing with words. It allows for increasing of interest in development and applying of these paradigms in various real-life fields.

Learning and Soft Computing
Learning and Soft Computing

Author: Vojislav Kecman

Publisher: MIT Press

Published: 2001

Total Pages: 556

ISBN-13: 9780262112550

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This textbook provides a thorough introduction to the field of learning from experimental data and soft computing. Support vector machines (SVM) and neural networks (NN) are the mathematical structures, or models, that underlie learning, while fuzzy logic systems (FLS) enable us to embed structured human knowledge into workable algorithms. The book assumes that it is not only useful, but necessary, to treat SVM, NN, and FLS as parts of a connected whole. Throughout, the theory and algorithms are illustrated by practical examples, as well as by problem sets and simulated experiments. This approach enables the reader to develop SVM, NN, and FLS in addition to understanding them. The book also presents three case studies: on NN-based control, financial time series analysis, and computer graphics. A solutions manual and all of the MATLAB programs needed for the simulated experiments are available.