Competition Among Credit Rating Agencies

Competition Among Credit Rating Agencies

Author: Brandon Browne

Publisher:

Published: 2010

Total Pages: 29

ISBN-13:

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the credit rating industry, while providing specific emphasis on competition and inherent conflicts of interest that exist within the industry. The first section of the paper defines credit ratings and describes key elements of the ratings process. This is followed by a discussion of the history of the credit rating industry, highlighted by the origins of the three major firms: Standard and Poor's, Moody's Investors Service and Fitch Ratings. The creation of the Nationally Recognized Statistical Rating Organization (NRSRO) designation is a significant event in the history of the credit markets and the topic is introduced as a separate section from the industry history. The Credit Rating Agency Reform Act of 2006 describes recent changes to the NRSRO designation status, and other regulatory changes to the industry. The current industry environment section speaks mainly about changes in industry since the 1970s that have created the modern credit rating system in place, as well as information related to the three prominent firms in the industry. The two possible substitutes to credit ratings, bond insurance and credit spreads, are discussed after the industry environment. This is followed by an analysis of the conflicts of interest that are inherent in the credit rating process and current business model, mainly the disconnect between investor and issuer demands. This is followed by a section describing the dual ratings norm. The final sections draws conclusions based on information presented in previous sections and examines the industry's future.


Regulating Credit Rating Agencies

Regulating Credit Rating Agencies

Author: Aline Darbellay,

Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing

Published: 2013-09-30

Total Pages: 292

ISBN-13: 085793936X

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øŠAline Darbellay analyzes the obvious system relevance of credit rating agencies in depth and assesses the possible options for regulatory responses to this systemic issue. Thereby, the book is based on a fruitful comparative legal approach and formul


Seller Reputation

Seller Reputation

Author: Heski Bar-Isaac

Publisher: Now Publishers Inc

Published: 2008

Total Pages: 96

ISBN-13: 1601981589

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Seller Reputation introduces a unifying framework that embeds a number of different approaches to seller reputation, incorporating both hidden information and hidden action. This framework is used to stress that the way in which consumers learn affects both behavior and outcomes. In particular, the extent to which information is generated and socially aggregated determines the efficiency of markets. After reviewing these theoretical building blocks, Seller Reputation examines several applications and empirical concerns. It highlights that the environment in which a transaction is embedded helps determine whether the transaction will occur and how parties will behave. Institutions, ranging from the design of online markets to norms in a community, can be understood as ensuring that concerns for reputation lead to more efficient outcomes. Similarly, the desire to affect consumer beliefs regarding the firm's incentives can help us understand strategic firm decisions that seem unrelated to the particular transactions they wish to promote. Seller Reputation concludes by considering slightly different models of reputation that lie beyond the scope of this framework, briefly reviewing the somewhat sparse empirical literature and suggesting future directions for research.


The Rating Agencies and Their Credit Ratings

The Rating Agencies and Their Credit Ratings

Author: Herwig Langohr

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2010-04-01

Total Pages: 524

ISBN-13: 0470714352

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Credit rating agencies play a critical role in capital markets, guiding the asset allocation of institutional investors as private capital moves freely around the world in search of the best trade-off between risk and return. However, they have also been strongly criticised for failing to spot the Asian crisis in the early 1990s, the Enron, WorldCom and Parmalat collapses in the early 2000s and finally for their ratings of subprime-related structured finance instruments and their role in the current financial crisis. This book is a guide to ratings, the ratings industry and the mechanics and economics of obtaining a rating. It sheds light on the role that the agencies play in the international financial markets. It avoids the sensationalist approach often associated with studies of rating scandals and the financial crisis, and instead provides an objective and critical analysis of the business of ratings. The book will be of practical use to any individual who has to deal with ratings and the ratings industry in their day-to-day job. Reviews "Rating agencies fulfil an important role in the capital markets, but given their power, they are frequently the object of criticism. Some of it is justified but most of it portrays a lack of understanding of their business. In their book The Rating Agencies and their Credit Ratings, Herwig and Patricia Langohr provide an excellent economic background to the role of rating agencies and also a thorough understanding of their business and the problems they face. I recommend this book to all those who have an interest in this somewhat arcane but extremely important area." -Robin Monro-Davies, Former CEO, Fitch Ratings. "At a time of unprecedented public and political scrutiny of the effectiveness and indeed the basic business model of the Credit Rating industry, and heightened concerns regarding the transparency and accountability of the leading agencies, this book provides a commendably comprehensive overview, and should provide invaluable assistance in the ongoing debate." -Rupert Atkinson, Managing Director, Head of Credit Advisory Group, Morgan Stanley and member of the SIFMA Rating Agency Task Force "The Langohrs have provided useful information in a field where one frequently finds only opinions or misconceptions. They supply a firm base from which to understand changes now underway. A well-read copy of this monograph should be close to the desk of every investor, issuer and financial regulator, legislator or commentator." -John Grout, Policy and Technical Director, The Association of Corporate Treasurers


The Ratings Game

The Ratings Game

Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Financial Services. Subcommittee on Capital Markets, Insurance, and Government Sponsored Enterprises

Publisher:

Published: 2004

Total Pages: 76

ISBN-13:

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The Independence of Credit Rating Agencies

The Independence of Credit Rating Agencies

Author: Gianluca Mattarocci

Publisher: Academic Press

Published: 2013-10-22

Total Pages: 200

ISBN-13: 012404736X

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The Independence of Credit Rating Agencies focuses on the institutional and regulatory dynamics of these agencies, asking whether their business models give them enough independence to make viable judgments without risking their own profitability. Few have closely examined the analytical methods of credit rating agencies, even though their decisions can move markets, open or close the doors to capital, and bring down governments. The 2008 financial crisis highlighted their importance and their shortcomings, especially when they misjudged the structured financial products that precipitated the collapse of Bear Stearns and other companies. This book examines the roles played by rating agencies during the financial crisis, illuminating the differences between U.S. and European rating markets, and also considers subjects such as the history of rating agencies and the roles played by smaller agencies to present a well-rounded portrait. Reports on one of the key causes of the 2008 financial crisis: agencies that failed to understand how to analyze financial products Describes inherent business model and pricing conflicts that compromise the independence of credit rating agencies Reveals how rating agencies large and small, regulatory bodies, and vested interests interact in setting fees and policies


Study of Competition Among Credit Rating Agencies in India

Study of Competition Among Credit Rating Agencies in India

Author: Charumathi Balakrishnan

Publisher:

Published: 2022

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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India has a very advanced G-sec market, but its corporate bond market is relatively under developed. Size of the corporate debt market is infinitesimal compared to the world debt market. There are seven registered credit rating agencies (CRAs) in India which rate debt securities out of which three rating agencies i.e. CRISIL, CARE and ICRA hold 80% of the market share. Debt market in India has increased over years. Number of rating and grading services offered by the rating agencies have also expanded considerably. This will eventually lead to more competition among rating agencies in India. It would be beneficial to measure competition among rating agencies and market concentration. This paper measures competition and market concentration using Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and HHI inverse. It is a quantitative measure of industry concentration that accounts for both the number of firms in the industry and each firm's market share. This measure takes into rating revenues of credit rating agencies and number of outstanding securities in each category. This study used secondary data and the required data are taken from the regulatory disclosures made by the CRAs. The period of the study include five years from 2011-12 to 2015-16. Based on rating revenue, this study found that market is highly concentrated and the majority of the market share is held by three CRAs namely CRISIL, CARE and ICRA. Based on number of outstanding securities in each category of securities, it is found that market is a) highly concentrated in government securities and financial institutions; and b) moderately concentrated in corporate securities and structured obligations. It is also found that the market concentration has been increasing/decreasing over the years for categories such as corporate/FIs/SO/Govt. It is believed that a lack of competition, in part the result of regulatory barriers, along with mandated usage by many financial market participants has resulted in a dysfunctional credit ratings industry in India.


Rating the rating agencies

Rating the rating agencies

Author: United States. Congress. House. Committee on Financial Services. Subcommittee on Capital Markets, Insurance, and Government Sponsored Enterprises

Publisher:

Published: 2003

Total Pages: 236

ISBN-13:

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The Rating Agencies and Their Credit Ratings

The Rating Agencies and Their Credit Ratings

Author: Herwig M. Langohr

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2008

Total Pages: 662

ISBN-13:

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This title is a guide to ratings, the ratings industry, and the mechanics and economics of obtaining a rating. It sheds light on the role that the agencies play in the international financial markets.


The Credit Rating Industry

The Credit Rating Industry

Author: Fabian Dittrich

Publisher: Lulu.com

Published: 2007-08-01

Total Pages: 180

ISBN-13: 9781847999504

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This study provides a comprehensive analysis of credit rating economics and draws conclusions on the nature of regulation. It starts with an overview of the credit rating industry and introduces a framework that structures multiple rating agency functions. At the heart of the credit rating business model lies the reputation mechanism, which is analyzed in detail. After analyzing the reputation mechanism, the study takes a wider look at the industry and identifies the forces behind credit rating supply and demand. From an industrial organization perspective competition in the credit rating industry is limited. A comprehensive review of potential reasons for regulating the credit rating industry, however, reveals that there are only few compelling arguments. The regulatory approaches of the EU under the Capital Requirements Directive of 2005 and the USA under the Credit Rating Agency Reform Act of 2006 are contrasted against an optimal regulatory regime.