Read and Download eBook Full
Author: Henrik Ringbom
Publisher: BRILL
Published: 2019-09-16
Total Pages: 104
ISBN-13: 9004399577
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis article explores the legal framework under international, European and national law for various measures aimed at improving the marine environment of the Baltic Sea by reducing the leakage of phosphorus from the seabed.
Author:
Publisher:
Published: 2016
Total Pages:
ISBN-13: 9789287243683
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThe Baltic Sea is one of the world's most polluted seas. Combating eutrophication, which is caused by nutrient loads mainly from agriculture and urban waste water, poses a significant challenge. Under the Helsinki Convention, all bordering EU Member States and non-EU countries, as well as the EU, are engaged in the environmental protection of the Baltic Sea. The EU legal framework requires Member States to implement measures to combat excessive loads of nutrients and to achieve the good environmental status of marine waters. The EU co-finances some of those measures. The Court examined whether the EU actions have been effective in helping Member States to reduce nutrient loads into the Baltic Sea. We concluded that these actions have led to limited progress towards nutrient reduction in the Baltic Sea. We make a number of recommendations to improve the effectiveness of the actions combating eutrophication in the Baltic Sea.
Author: Lars Håkanson
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
Published: 2008-09-26
Total Pages: 261
ISBN-13: 3540709096
DOWNLOAD EBOOKFor many years the reduction of eutrophication in the Baltic Sea has been a hot issue for mass-media, science, political parties and environmental action groups with manifold implications related to fisheries (will the Baltic cod survive?), sustainable coastal development (have billions of Euros been wasted on nitrogen reductions?), ecotoxicology (can we safely eat Baltic fish?). This book takes a holistic process-based ecosystem perspective on the eutrophication in the Baltic Sea, with a focus on the factors regulating how the system would respond to changes in nutrient loading. This includes a very special process for the Baltic Sea: land uplift. After being depressed by the glacial ice, the land is now slowly rising adding vast amounts of previously deposited nutrients and clay particles to the system. 110,000 to 140,000 tons of phosphorus per year are added to the system from land uplift, in comparison to the 30,000 tons of phosphorus per year from rivers.
Author: Kari Hyytiäinen
Publisher: Nordic Council of Ministers
Published: 2014-03-21
Total Pages: 76
ISBN-13: 9289326913
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis report reviews the findings of an ecological/economic analyses regarding the on-going and prospective efforts to reduce eutrophication of the Baltic Sea, conducted by BalticSTERN, an international research network. The results indicate that the overall benefits of fulfilling the targets of the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP) clearly outweigh their aggregate costs, suggesting that the BSAP is an economically sound plan for solving the transboundary eutrophication problem. The cost of inaction - not implementing the objectives of the BSAP - would be significant.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
Published: 2000-08-17
Total Pages: 422
ISBN-13: 0309069483
DOWNLOAD EBOOKEnvironmental problems in coastal ecosystems can sometimes be attributed to excess nutrients flowing from upstream watersheds into estuarine settings. This nutrient over-enrichment can result in toxic algal blooms, shellfish poisoning, coral reef destruction, and other harmful outcomes. All U.S. coasts show signs of nutrient over-enrichment, and scientists predict worsening problems in the years ahead. Clean Coastal Waters explains technical aspects of nutrient over-enrichment and proposes both immediate local action by coastal managers and a longer-term national strategy incorporating policy design, classification of affected sites, law and regulation, coordination, and communication. Highlighting the Gulf of Mexico's "Dead Zone," the Pfiesteria outbreak in a tributary of Chesapeake Bay, and other cases, the book explains how nutrients work in the environment, why nitrogen is important, how enrichment turns into over-enrichment, and why some environments are especially susceptible. Economic as well as ecological impacts are examined. In addressing abatement strategies, the committee discusses the importance of monitoring sites, developing useful models of over-enrichment, and setting water quality goals. The book also reviews voluntary programs, mandatory controls, tax incentives, and other policy options for reducing the flow of nutrients from agricultural operations and other sources.
Author: Ing-Marie Gren
Publisher: Earthscan
Published: 2000
Total Pages: 242
ISBN-13: 9781853836084
DOWNLOAD EBOOKFirst Published in 2000. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Author: Michael Gilek
Publisher: Springer
Published: 2016-03-21
Total Pages: 265
ISBN-13: 3319270060
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis edited volume presents a comprehensive and coherent interdisciplinary analysis of challenges and possibilities for sustainable governance of the Baltic Sea ecosystem by combining knowledge and approaches from natural and social sciences. Focusing on the Ecosystem Approach to Management (EAM) and associated multi-level, multi-sector and multi-actor challenges, the book provides up-to-date descriptions and analyses of environmental governance structures and processes at the macro-regional Baltic Sea level. Organised in two parts, Part 1 presents in-depth case studies of environmental governance practices and challenges linked to five key environmental problems - eutrophication, chemical pollution, overfishing, oil discharges and invasive species. Part 2 analyses and compares governance challenges and opportunities across the five case studies, focusing on governance structures and EAM implementation, knowledge integration and science support, as well as stakeholder communication and participation. Based on these cross-case comparisons, this book also draws a set of general conclusions on possible ways of improving the governance of the Baltic Sea by promoting what are identified as vital functions of environmental governance: coordination, integration, interdisciplinarity, precaution, deliberation, communication and adaptability.
Author: J. Galloway
Publisher: CRC Press
Published: 2002-01-01
Total Pages: 1042
ISBN-13: 9789026519277
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThe production of food and energy interfere with the natural nitrogen cycle of the earth. Many of these changes are beneficial, while others are detrimental to societies and the environment. The changing nature of nitrogen in the global environment crosses scientific disciplines, geographical boundaries and political divisions and challenges the creative minds of natural and social scientists, economists, engineers, business leaders and planners. The papers in this book give readers a panoramic view of the changing nature of reactive nitrogen in the global environment, enabling them to make better choices about nitrogen management in food production and consumption, energy production and use, and environmental protection.
Author: Nordic Council of Ministers
Publisher:
Published: 2014
Total Pages:
ISBN-13: 9789289328821
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis report reviews the findings of an ecological/economicanalyses regarding the on-going and prospective effortsto reduce eutrophication of the Baltic Sea, conducted byBalticSTERN, an international research network. The results indicate that the overall benefits of fulfillingthe targets of the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan (BSAP)clearly outweigh their aggregate costs, suggesting thatthe BSAP is an economically sound plan for solvingthe transboundary eutrophication problem. The cost ofinaction - not implementing the objectives of the BSAP -would be significant.
Author: Evald Ojaveer
Publisher: Springer
Published: 2017-03-08
Total Pages: 300
ISBN-13: 3319530100
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis volume presents a reconstruction of the formation of the environmental conditions and biota in the present-day Baltic Sea area during the last glacial cycle and thereafter under the influence of extra-terrestrial, climatic and geological factors. Abiotic conditions in the contemporary Baltic Sea (water salinity, temperature, oxygen and light conditions, currents and other water movements) are characterized and in this background the natural regional system of the sea has been generated. Important issues are considered such as life forms in the Baltic and their dependence on the natural environment (both in the conditions of the relative stable environment and during the regime shifts), as well as anthropogenic influences and the basic differences between the areas of the World Ocean and the brackish Baltic Sea. This book also equips readers with basic principles of assessments and management of ecosystems and fish resources (including the long-term assessment and forecast on ecosystems and fish resources) and provides information on the structures of international collaboration developed in the Baltic Sea.
