Author: Peggy Levitt

Publisher: Oxford University Press

Published: 2023

Total Pages: 241

ISBN-13: 0197666825

"How do individuals protect and provide for themselves in a world where so many people live, work, study, and retire outside their countries of citizenship and where many states are reneging on their contract to provide basic social welfare to their citizens? The conventional wisdom is that access to social protections is limited by proximity-membership in the nation-state of residence via citizenship, geographic proximity to the distribution of services within a given territory, and embeddedness in specific local family or social networks all place natural limits on the availability of social protection. We believe this conventional wisdom is sorely out of date. How and where people earn their livelihoods, the communities with which they identify, and where the rights and responsibilities of citizenship get fulfilled has changed dramatically. Societies are increasingly diverse-racially, ethnically, and religiously, but also in terms of membership and rights. There are increasing numbers of long-term residents without membership who live for extended periods in a host country without full rights or representation. There are also more and more long-term members without residence who live outside the countries where they are citizens but continue to participate in the economic and political life of their homelands. There are professional-class migrants who carry two passports and know how to make claims and raise their voices in multiple settings, but there are many more poor, low-skilled, and undocumented migrants who are marginalized in both their home and host countries. Our book analyzes how these changes are transforming social welfare as we know it. We argue that a new set of social welfare arrangements has emerged that we call Hybrid Transnational Social Protection (HTSP). We find that HTSP sometimes complements and sometimes substitutes for traditional modes of social welfare provision. Migrants and their families unevenly and unequally piece together resource environments across borders from multiple sources, including the state, market, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and their social networks. Local, subnational (i.e., states and provinces), national, and supranational actors (i.e., regional and international governance bodies) are all potential providers of some level of care. Changing understandings of how and where rights are granted that go beyond national citizenship will aid migrants and non-migrants in their efforts to protect themselves across borders. In fact, we suggest four logics upon which rights are based: the logic of citizenship, the logic of personhood/humanity, the logic of the market, and the logic of community. The conflicts between these different logics are at the core of the contemporary controversies and conflicts over what we can and what we should do to protect dispersed individuals and families from risk, danger, and precarity"--