Monitoring and Mitigation of Volcano Hazards
Monitoring and Mitigation of Volcano Hazards

Author: Roberto Scarpa

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 846

ISBN-13: 3642800874

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By the year 2000, the number of people at risk from volcanic hazards is likely to increase to around half a billion. Since 1980, significant advances have been made in volcano monitoring, the data from which provides the sole scientific basis for eruption prediction. Here, internationally renowned and highly experienced specialists provide 25 comprehensive articles covering a wide range of related topics: monitoring techniques and data analysis; modelling of monitoring data and eruptive phenomena; volcanic hazards and risk assessment; and volcanic emergency management. Selected case histories of recent volcanic disasters, such as Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, demonstrate that effective communication - between scientists, civil authorities, the media and the population at risk - is essential to reducing the danger.

Chemistry of the Subalkalic Silicic Obsidians
Chemistry of the Subalkalic Silicic Obsidians

Author: Ray Macdonald

Publisher:

Published: 1992

Total Pages: 224

ISBN-13:

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Compilation of analyses of subalkalic silic obsidians, assessment of compositional variations in terms of tectonic setting and genetic mechanisms, and systematic discussion of element distribution in these rocks.

Arc Volcano of Japan
Arc Volcano of Japan

Author: Takeru Yanagi

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2011-07-07

Total Pages: 132

ISBN-13: 4431539956

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This book presents an analysis of our current knowledge on the origin of the Earth’s continental crust. There are two aspects to consider: tectonic and igneous processes. Tectonic aspects include sedimentary accretion, terrane accretion, and continental collision at continental margins, in association with plate subduction. These processes result in the formation of large mountain belts, the building up of which literally grows the continents. However, these tectonic aspects are concerned with material recycling within the crust, and hence do not contribute to volumetric growth of continental crust. Igneous processes concern separation of continental crust from the mantle and result in the volumetric growth of continental crust. Therefore, the main focus of this book is to systematically examine why and how the Earth’s continental crust forms, by evaluating magmatic processes at island arcs where new continental crust forms.

Stable Mineral Assemblages of Igneous Rocks
Stable Mineral Assemblages of Igneous Rocks

Author: A. Rittmann

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 274

ISBN-13: 3642654827

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This book represents the results of a lengthy study which Professor ALFRED RITTMANN began some thirty years ago. The relationship between the chemical and mineralogical composition of igneous rocks is established as far as is possible. Petrographers will appreciate that this problem is extremely complex, particularly since this relationship forms the basis of the classification and nomenclature of igneous rocks. The ingenious scheme of calculation of the CI.P.W. norm system is essentially chemical in nature. The compositions of the stoichiometrically ideal "normative minerals" do not correspond to those of the constituent minerals found in rocks. Although the "norm" is not intended to equal the "mode" or actual mineral composition of a rock, at least a qualitative agreement between the norm and the mode is desirable. For a number of rocks and rock groups, especially the leucocratic and silicic rocks, the deviation of the norm from the mode is generally within tolerable limits. For the melanocratic and highly subsilicic rocks, on the other hand, the CI.P. W. scheme of calculation too often yields results which fail to reflect the observed mineral composition. The anomalies produced in the cal culation of extremely subsilicic volcanic rocks have recently been briefly discussed by F. CHAVES and H. S. YODER, JR. (1971).