The Cerebral Circulation
The Cerebral Circulation

Author: Marilyn J. Cipolla

Publisher: Biota Publishing

Published: 2016-07-28

Total Pages: 82

ISBN-13: 1615047239

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This e-book will review special features of the cerebral circulation and how they contribute to the physiology of the brain. It describes structural and functional properties of the cerebral circulation that are unique to the brain, an organ with high metabolic demands and the need for tight water and ion homeostasis. Autoregulation is pronounced in the brain, with myogenic, metabolic and neurogenic mechanisms contributing to maintain relatively constant blood flow during both increases and decreases in pressure. In addition, unlike peripheral organs where the majority of vascular resistance resides in small arteries and arterioles, large extracranial and intracranial arteries contribute significantly to vascular resistance in the brain. The prominent role of large arteries in cerebrovascular resistance helps maintain blood flow and protect downstream vessels during changes in perfusion pressure. The cerebral endothelium is also unique in that its barrier properties are in some way more like epithelium than endothelium in the periphery. The cerebral endothelium, known as the blood-brain barrier, has specialized tight junctions that do not allow ions to pass freely and has very low hydraulic conductivity and transcellular transport. This special configuration modifies Starling's forces in the brain microcirculation such that ions retained in the vascular lumen oppose water movement due to hydrostatic pressure. Tight water regulation is necessary in the brain because it has limited capacity for expansion within the skull. Increased intracranial pressure due to vasogenic edema can cause severe neurologic complications and death.

The Cerebral Circulation
The Cerebral Circulation

Author: Marilyn J. Cipolla

Publisher: Morgan & Claypool Publishers

Published: 2010

Total Pages: 71

ISBN-13: 1615040129

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This presentation describes structural and functional properties of the cerebral circulation that are unique to the brain, an organ with high metabolic demands, and the need for tight water and ion homeostasis. Autoregulation is pronounced in the brain, with myogenic, metabolic, and neurogenic mechanisms contributing to maintain relatively constant blood flow during both increases and decreases in pressure. In addition, unlike peripheral organs where the majority of vascular resistance resides in small arteries and arterioles, large extracranial and intracranial arteries contribute significantly to vascular resistance in the brain. The prominent role of large arteries in cerebrovascular resistance helps maintain blood flow and protect downstream vessels during changes in perfusion pressure. The cerebral endothelium is also unique in that its barrier properties are in some way more like epithelium than endothelium in the periphery. The cerebral endothelium, known as the blood-brain barrier, has specialized tight junctions that do not allow ions to pass freely and has very low hydraulic conductivity and transcellular transport. This special configuration modifies Starling's forces in the brain such that ions retained in the vascular lumen oppose water movement due to hydrostatic pressure. Tight water regulation is necessary in the brain because it has limited capacity for expansion within the skull. Increased intracranial pressure due to vasogenic edema can cause severe neurologic complications and death. This chapter will review these special features of the cerebral circulation and how they contribute to the physiology of the brain. Table of Contents: Introduction / Anatomy and Ultrastructure / Perivascular Innervation / Regulation of Cerebrovascular Tone / Control of Cerebral Blood Flow / Barriers of the CNS / Summary / References

Basic Physiology for Anaesthetists
Basic Physiology for Anaesthetists

Author: David Chambers

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2019-07-25

Total Pages: 469

ISBN-13: 1108463991

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Easily understood, up-to-date and clinically relevant, this book provides junior anaesthetists with an essential physiology resource.

Cerebral Autoregulation
Cerebral Autoregulation

Author: Stephen Payne

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2016-06-24

Total Pages: 139

ISBN-13: 3319317849

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This Brief provides a comprehensive introduction to the control of blood flow in the brain. Beginning with the basic physiology of autoregulation, the author goes on to discuss measurement techniques, mathematical models, methods of analysis, and relevant clinical conditions, all within this single volume. The author draws together this disparate field, and lays the groundwork for future research directions. The text gives an up-to-date review of the state of the art in cerebral autoregulation, which is particularly relevant as cerebral autoregulation moves from the laboratory to the bedside. Cerebral Autoregulation will be useful to researchers in the physical sciences such as mathematical biology, medical physics, and biomedical engineering whose work is concerned with the brain. Researchers in the medical sciences and clinicians dealing with the brain and blood flow, as well as industry professionals developing techniques such as ultrasound, MRI, and CT will also find this Brief of interest.

Cerebral Blood Flow Regulation
Cerebral Blood Flow Regulation

Author: Nodar Prokof'evich Mitagvariia

Publisher: Nova Biomedical Books

Published: 2009

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9781606921630

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Studies of the mechanisms relating blood supply to the brain appeared to be, in some sense, at a deadlock. Despite extensive application of different methodical approaches, no qualitative progress has been observed in these studies at the present time. This is perhaps due to the traditional, but not understandable, separation of neurophysiological and "circulatory" studies. It may seem very paradoxical, but the study of cerebral blood circulation proceeds almost in complete isolation from the knowledge about brain functions and does not take into account the specificity of the working brain as a part of the whole body. This book comprehensively addresses the issues of blood flow regulation. It is well known that the brain belongs to the group of organs having a high level of oxygen consumption. Oxygen consumption by the brain is an average 4.6 ml per 100 g of tissue per minute. In humans, the level of oxygen consumption by the whole brain attains 46 ml/min. This makes up approximately 20% of the total oxygen volume consumed by the organism. Consequently, the cerebral tissue is characterised by highly energetic processes. There is evidence indicating that even in functionally resting conditions, 18% of the entire energy expenditure of the body is utilised by the brain Calculations made by Rushmer indicate that the intensity of energy consumption by the human brain appears to be on average 20 Watt.

Core Topics in Neuroanaesthesia and Neurointensive Care
Core Topics in Neuroanaesthesia and Neurointensive Care

Author: Basil F. Matta

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2011-10-13

Total Pages: 535

ISBN-13: 1139499858

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Core Topics in Neuroanesthesia and Neurointensive Care is an authoritative and practical clinical text that offers clear diagnostic and management guidance for a wide range of neuroanesthesia and neurocritical care problems. With coverage of every aspect of the discipline by outstanding world experts, this should be the first book to which practitioners turn for easily accessible and definitive advice. Initial sections cover relevant anatomy, physiology and pharmacology, intraoperative and critical care monitoring and neuroimaging. These are followed by detailed sections covering all aspects of neuroanesthesia and neurointensive care in both adult and pediatric patients. The final chapter discusses ethical and legal issues. Each chapter delivers a state-of-the art review of clinical practice, including outcome data when available. Enhanced throughout with numerous clinical photographs and line drawings, this practical and accessible text is key reading for trainee and consultant anesthetists and critical care specialists.

Oxford Textbook of Neurocritical Care
Oxford Textbook of Neurocritical Care

Author: Martin Smith

Publisher: Oxford University Press

Published: 2016

Total Pages: 457

ISBN-13: 0198739559

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The Oxford Textbook of Neurocritical Care provides an authoritative and up-to-date summary of the scientific basis, clinical techniques and management guidelines in this exciting clinical discipline. Authored by an international team of expert practitioners this textbook reflects world-wide practice.