Calculating Race
Author: Benjamin Wiggins
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Published: 2020
Total Pages: 157
ISBN-13: 0197504000
DOWNLOAD EBOOKRacial Formation in the Risk Society -- Life -- Crime -- Home -- Proxies -- Sharing Risk Equitably.
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Calculating Race
Author: Benjamin Wiggins
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Published: 2020-10-08
Total Pages: 176
ISBN-13: 0197504019
DOWNLOAD EBOOKIn Calculating Race, Benjamin Wiggins analyzes the historical relationship between statistical risk assessment and race in the United States. He illustrates how, through a reliance on the variable of race, actuarial science transformed the nature of racism and helped usher racial disparities in wealth, incarceration, and housing from the nineteenth century into the twentieth. Wiggins begins by tracing how the life insurance industry utilized race in its calculations at the end of the nineteenth century, focusing particularly on Prudential and its aggressive battles with state regulators to discriminate against clients and adjust rates on the basis of race. He then turns his focus to the collection of racial statistics in the Illinois state penitentiary system in the late nineteenth century and the state's subsequent development of predictive sentencing and parole formulas in the 1920s that weighed race as a key factor. Next, he investigates the role of race in the state-sponsored mortgage insurance program of the Federal Housing Administration between the start of the New Deal and the beginning of the Cold War and its prolonged effects on mortgage lending. Wiggins concludes with an analysis of the use of race in the statistical risk assessments across financial institutions and government programs during the post-civil rights movement era, and how that practice has been transformed in the twenty-first century through "proxy" variables which stand in for the now taboo category of race. Offering readers a new perspective on the historical importance of actuarial science in structural racism, Calculating Race is a particularly timely contribution as Big Data and algorithmic decision making increasingly pervade our lives.
Measuring Racial Discrimination
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
Published: 2004-07-24
Total Pages: 335
ISBN-13: 0309091268
DOWNLOAD EBOOKMany racial and ethnic groups in the United States, including blacks, Hispanics, Asians, American Indians, and others, have historically faced severe discriminationâ€"pervasive and open denial of civil, social, political, educational, and economic opportunities. Today, large differences among racial and ethnic groups continue to exist in employment, income and wealth, housing, education, criminal justice, health, and other areas. While many factors may contribute to such differences, their size and extent suggest that various forms of discriminatory treatment persist in U.S. society and serve to undercut the achievement of equal opportunity. Measuring Racial Discrimination considers the definition of race and racial discrimination, reviews the existing techniques used to measure racial discrimination, and identifies new tools and areas for future research. The book conducts a thorough evaluation of current methodologies for a wide range of circumstances in which racial discrimination may occur, and makes recommendations on how to better assess the presence and effects of discrimination.
Racial Issues in Criminal Justice
Author: Marvin D. Free
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA
Published: 2003-09-30
Total Pages: 289
ISBN-13: 0313057109
DOWNLOAD EBOOKAlmost a third of all African American men in their twenties in the United States are in jail or prison, or on probation or parole. African Americans, who comprise approximately 13% of the general population, make up about half of the prison population. Between 1980 and 2000, 38 states added more African American men to their prison systems than were added to their respective systems of higher education. However, these statistics fail to tell the entire story. To understand how the dynamics of disproportionate minority confinement came to exist, one must examine the historical and cultural antecedents that affected (and continue to affect) this group. Examining proposed solutions and providing alternative perspectives, this volume addresses the overrepresentation of African Americans in the criminal justice system by critically examining the significance of race in American society and criminal justice responses to crime and African Americans. Offering a critical examination of the issues, this collection begins with a discussion of the marginalization of African Americans in the academic discipline of criminal justice and in the larger society, an assessment of the impact of the legacy of slavery on private prisons and mass imprisonment, and an empirical examination of the depiction of African Americans in prime-time television crime programs. Part II looks at racial profiling, the underrepresentation of African Americans in hate crime victimization research, the impact of race on presentencing, the trend toward trying juveniles in adult court, and the discriminatory treatment of African Americans in capital-eligible cases. Finally, Part III discusses the impact of African American police officers on the profession, analyzes black juror nullification, proposes an increase in the presence of African American jurors, and assesses the potential ameliorative impact of restorative justice on the current racial imbalance in the criminal justice system.
American Indian Population Recovery in the Twentieth Century
Author: Nancy Shoemaker
Publisher: UNM Press
Published: 1999
Total Pages: 180
ISBN-13: 9780826322890
DOWNLOAD EBOOKStudies the growth of Indian populations since 1900, showing why and how American Indian populations recovered in the 20th century.
Advance Data from Vital & Health Statistics of the National Center for Health Statistics
Author:
Publisher:
Published: 1976
Total Pages: 290
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKRunning Fitness - From 5K to Full Marathon
Author: David Ross
Publisher: Grosvenor House Publishing
Published: 2015-02-20
Total Pages: 159
ISBN-13: 1781484562
DOWNLOAD EBOOKRunning Fitness presents a structured and practical training guide aimed at a large portion of the running community, including beginners and those looking to improve in the sport. Author David Ross, a runner of many years experience, provides a training path that develops running capability from a simple 5K race up to full marathon, whilst making the sport easily accessible to those who wish to enjoy many years of fulfilment, success and longevity. Learn about warm-up and cool-down drills, speed and hill training, long runs, race pace, recovery and rest, plus cross training, core fitness, diet and energy supplements.
What's the Use of Race?
Author: Ian Whitmarsh
Publisher: MIT Press
Published: 2010-04-16
Total Pages: 313
ISBN-13: 0262265710
DOWNLOAD EBOOKHow race as a category—reinforced by new discoveries in genetics—is used as a basis for practice and policy in law, science, and medicine. The post–civil rights era perspective of many scientists and scholars was that race was nothing more than a social construction. Recently, however, the relevance of race as a social, legal, and medical category has been reinvigorated by science, especially by discoveries in genetics. Although in 2000 the Human Genome Project reported that humans shared 99.9 percent of their genetic code, scientists soon began to argue that the degree of variation was actually greater than this, and that this variation maps naturally onto conventional categories of race. In the context of this rejuvenated biology of race, the contributors to What's the Use of Race? Investigate whether race can be a category of analysis without reinforcing it as a basis for discrimination. Can policies that aim to alleviate inequality inadvertently increase it by reifying race differences? The essays focus on contemporary questions at the cutting edge of genetics and governance, examining them from the perspectives of law, science, and medicine. The book follows the use of race in three domains of governance: ruling, knowing, and caring. Contributors first examine the use of race and genetics in the courtroom, law enforcement, and scientific oversight; then explore the ways that race becomes, implicitly or explicitly, part of the genomic science that attempts to address human diversity; and finally investigate how race is used to understand and act on inequities in health and disease. Answering these questions is essential for setting policies for biology and citizenship in the twenty-first century.
Calculating Race
Author: Benjamin Wiggins
Publisher: Oxford University Press
Published: 2020-10-08
Total Pages: 176
ISBN-13: 0197504027
DOWNLOAD EBOOKIn Calculating Race, Benjamin Wiggins analyzes the historical relationship between statistical risk assessment and race in the United States. He illustrates how, through a reliance on the variable of race, actuarial science transformed the nature of racism and helped usher racial disparities in wealth, incarceration, and housing from the nineteenth century into the twentieth. Wiggins begins by tracing how the life insurance industry utilized race in its calculations at the end of the nineteenth century, focusing particularly on Prudential and its aggressive battles with state regulators to discriminate against clients and adjust rates on the basis of race. He then turns his focus to the collection of racial statistics in the Illinois state penitentiary system in the late nineteenth century and the state's subsequent development of predictive sentencing and parole formulas in the 1920s that weighed race as a key factor. Next, he investigates the role of race in the state-sponsored mortgage insurance program of the Federal Housing Administration between the start of the New Deal and the beginning of the Cold War and its prolonged effects on mortgage lending. Wiggins concludes with an analysis of the use of race in the statistical risk assessments across financial institutions and government programs during the post-civil rights movement era, and how that practice has been transformed in the twenty-first century through "proxy" variables which stand in for the now taboo category of race. Offering readers a new perspective on the historical importance of actuarial science in structural racism, Calculating Race is a particularly timely contribution as Big Data and algorithmic decision making increasingly pervade our lives.
Beginning Excel What-If Data Analysis Tools
Author: Paul Cornell
Publisher: Apress
Published: 2006-11-09
Total Pages: 181
ISBN-13: 1430200987
DOWNLOAD EBOOK* The only book on the market dedicated to the What-If functions and tools built into Excel, which are key to many business analysis scenarios. * Focused and to the point – where other Excel books force the reader to wade through 100’s of pages of related information and commit hours of reading, this book gets straight to the topic of teaching the reader about What-If scenario tools in Excel. * Offers the deepest tutorial treatment of the Solver add-in, the Goal Seeker and the other What-If scenario analysis tools, in a practical, hands-on exercises approach to using Excel to get business results.
