Benchmarking an Automated Minirhizotron Camera System
Benchmarking an Automated Minirhizotron Camera System

Author: Jose Guilherme Cesario Pereira Pinto

Publisher:

Published: 2021

Total Pages:

ISBN-13:

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Understanding plant roots and root development is key for agricultural productivity as roots affect many plant, ecosystem and biogeochemical processes. However, studying root development in-situ can be challenging. Minirhizotrons are commonly used for root monitoring, and allow non-destructive tracking of root development overtime. Nonetheless, existing commercial minirhizotron cameras are expensive and manually operated. Planar optodes are a promising technology for quantifying concentrations of soil solutes, but have not yet been paired with minirhizotron technology. We developed an inexpensive, automated minirhizotron camera system, the RhizoPi camera, built using off-the-shelf computer components that can be paired with planar optodes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capability and utility of the RhizoPi camera system. The objectives were to 1) assess the capabilities and design of the RhizoPi minirhizotron camera system and benchmark it against a commercial minirhizotron camera; 2) create an image analysis script to analyze minirhizotron images and compare results to those of existing commercial software; and 3) develop a method for using the RhizoPi camera system for planar optode imaging. Objectives 1 and 2 are the focus of Chapter 2 in which soybean (Glycine max L.) was grown in containers under controlled greenhouse conditions. Images collected using the RhizoPi camera system were analyzed for percentage of images that are roots (root percentage) using a script written in the Python programming language and the RootSnap!® software. Although the average root percentage measured by the Python script, 3.36%, was significantly larger than with RootSnap!, 2.97%, the difference was small in magnitude (0.39%). Images collected using the RhizoPi camera were compared to images collected on the same day using the commercially-available CID Bioscience CI-600 minirhizotron camera. Images from the two camera systems were processed to ensure the exact image frame location was being compared, then processed using RootSnap!. Objective 3 was the focus of Chapter 3, in which a method is presented for augmenting the RhizoPi minirhizotron camera system with planar oxygen optode technology and techniques. In this method acrylic minirhizotron tubes were turned into oxygen sensitive planar optodes by applying oxygen-sensitive dyes in a strip along the length of each tube. Successful calibrations of these optodes are presented as a proof of concept for this method. The RhizoPi camera system is capable of collecting research-quality images of roots, and can serve as a platform for deploying planar optode technologies for in situ analysis of soil solution chemistry.

Canopy Photosynthesis: From Basics to Applications
Canopy Photosynthesis: From Basics to Applications

Author: Kouki Hikosaka

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2015-12-17

Total Pages: 450

ISBN-13: 9401772916

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The last 30 years has seen the development of increasingly sophisticated models that quantify canopy carbon exchange. These models are now essential parts of larger models for prediction and simulation of crop production, climate change, and regional and global carbon dynamics. There is thus an urgent need for increasing expertise in developing, use and understanding of these models. This in turn calls for an advanced, yet easily accessible textbook that summarizes the “canopy science” and introduces the present and the future scientists to the theoretical background of the current canopy models. This book presents current knowledge of functioning of plant canopies, models and strategies employed to simulate canopy function, and the significance of canopy architecture, physiology and dynamics in ecosystems, landscape and biosphere.

Wheat Production in Stressed Environments
Wheat Production in Stressed Environments

Author: H.T. Buck

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2007-05-16

Total Pages: 764

ISBN-13: 1402054971

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Providing a unique overview to wheat and related species, this book comprises the proceedings of the 7th International Wheat Conference, held in Mar del Plata, Argentina, at the end of 2005. Leading scientists from all over the world, specialized in different areas that contribute to the better understanding of wheat production and use, review the present achievements and discuss the future challenges for the wheat crop.

Measuring Roots
Measuring Roots

Author: Stefano Mancuso

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2011-10-26

Total Pages: 385

ISBN-13: 3642220673

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Roots represent half of the plant body – and arguably the more interesting half. Despite its obvious importance for the whole plant, until recently our knowledge of the root apparatus was very limited, mostly due to the inadequacy of the techniques available. Recent advances in the visualization and measurement of roots have resulted in significant progress in our understanding of root architecture, growth and behaviour. In this book international experts highlight the most advanced techniques, both lab and field methods, and discuss them in detail. Measuring Roots combines academic and practical aspects of this topic, making it a universal handbook for all researchers and others interested in root-measuring methods.

Advancement in Sensing Technology
Advancement in Sensing Technology

Author: Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-09-06

Total Pages: 329

ISBN-13: 3642321801

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The book presents the recent advancements in the area of sensors and sensing technology, specifically in environmental monitoring, structural health monitoring, dielectric, magnetic, electrochemical, ultrasonic, microfluidic, flow, surface acoustic wave, gas, cloud computing and bio-medical. This book will be useful to a variety of readers, namely, Master and PhD degree students, researchers, practitioners, working on sensors and sensing technology. The book will provide an opportunity of a dedicated and a deep approach in order to improve their knowledge in this specific field.

Ecology and the Environment
Ecology and the Environment

Author: Russell K. Monson

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2014-10-02

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9781461475002

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In this book, plant biology is considered from the perspective of plants and their surrounding environment, including both biotic and abiotic interactions. The intended audience is undergraduate students in the middle or final phases of their programs of study. Topics are developed to provide a rudimentary understanding of how plant-environment interactions span multiple spatiotemporal scales, and how this rudimentary knowledge can be applied to understand the causes of ecosystem vulnerabilities in the face of global climate change and expansion of natural resource use by human societies. In all chapters connections are made from smaller to larger scales of ecological organization, providing a foundation for understanding plant ecology. Where relevant, environmental threats to ecological systems are identified and future research needs are discussed. As future generations take on the responsibility for managing ecosystem goods and services, one of the most effective resources that can be passed on is accumulated knowledge of how organisms, populations, species, communities and ecosystems function and interact across scales of organization. This book is intended to provide some of that knowledge, and hopefully provide those generations with the ability to avoid some of the catastrophic environmental mistakes that prior generations have made.

Tree and Forest Measurement
Tree and Forest Measurement

Author: Phil West

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2009-06-12

Total Pages: 191

ISBN-13: 3540959661

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Forests must be measured, if they are to be managed and conserved properly. This book describes the principles of modern forest measurement, whether using simple, hand-held equipment or sophisticated satellite imagery. Written in a straightforward style, it will be understood by everyone who works with forests, from the professional forester to the layperson. It describes how and why forests are measured and the basis of the science behind the measurements taken.

Handbook of Agricultural Economics
Handbook of Agricultural Economics

Author: Christopher B. Barrett

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2021-12-09

Total Pages: 808

ISBN-13: 0323915019

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Handbook of Agricultural Economics, Volume Five highlights new advances in the field, with this new release exploring comprehensive chapters written by an international board of authors who discuss topics such as The Economics of Agricultural Innovation, Climate, food and agriculture, Agricultural Labor Markets: Immigration Policy, Minimum Wages, Etc., Risk Management in Agricultural Production, Animal Health and Livestock Disease, Behavioral and Experimental Economics to Inform Agri-Environmental Programs and Policies, Big Data, Machine Learning Methods for Agricultural and Applied Economists, Agricultural data collection to minimize measurement error and maximize coverage, Gender, agriculture and nutrition, Social Networks Analysis In Agricultural Economics, and more. Presents the latest release in the Handbook of Agricultural Economics Written and contributed by leaders in the field Covers topics such as The Economics of Agricultural Innovation, Climate, Food and Agriculture, Agricultural Labor Markets, and more

Wine Science
Wine Science

Author: Ronald S. Jackson

Publisher: Academic Press

Published: 2008-04-30

Total Pages: 789

ISBN-13: 0080568742

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Wine Science, Third Edition, covers the three pillars of wine science – grape culture, wine production, and sensory evaluation. It takes readers on a scientific tour into the world of wine by detailing the latest discoveries in this exciting industry. From grape anatomy to wine and health, this book includes coverage of material not found in other enology or viticulture texts including details on cork and oak, specialized wine making procedures, and historical origins of procedures. Author Ronald Jackson uniquely breaks down sophisticated techniques, allowing the reader to easily understand wine science processes. This updated edition covers the chemistry of red wine color, origin of grape varietyies, wine language, significance of color and other biasing factors to wine perception, various meanings and significance of wine oxidation. It includes significant additional coverage on brandy and ice wine production as well as new illustrations and color photos. This book is recommended for grape growers, fermentation technologists; students of enology and viticulture, enologists, and viticulturalists. NEW to this edition: * Extensive revision and additions on: chemistry of red wine color, origin of grape varietyies, wine language, significance of color and other biasing factors to wine perception, various meanings and significance of wine oxidation * Significant additional coverage on brandy and ice wine production * New illustrations and color photos

Permafrost Ecosystems
Permafrost Ecosystems

Author: Akira Osawa

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2010-01-04

Total Pages: 507

ISBN-13: 1402096933

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Drawing from a decade-long collaboration between Japan and Russia, this important volume presents the first major synthesis of current knowledge on the ecophysiology of the coniferous forests growing on permafrost at high latitudes. It presents ecological data for a region long inaccessible to most scientists, and raises important questions about the global carbon balance as these systems are affected by the changing climate. Making up around 20% of the entire boreal forests of the northern hemisphere, these ‘permafrost forest ecosystems’ are subject to particular constraints in terms of temperature, nutrient availability, and root space, creating exceptional ecosystem characteristics not known elsewhere. This authoritative text explores their diversity, structure, dynamics and physiology. It provides a comparison of these forests in relation to boreal forests elsewhere, and concludes with an assessment of the potential responses of this unique biome to climate change. The book will be invaluable to advanced students and researchers interested in boreal vegetation, forest ecology, silviculture and forest soils, as well as to researchers into climate change and the global carbon balance.