High-profile events such as the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar have made one thing abundantly clear: Much of today's economic growth would be unthinkable without the low-wage employment of migrant workers. But which cultural, economic, and political infrastructures in the »source« countries make these types of migration possible in the first place? Based on multi-sensory ethnographic research in Nepal, Hannah Uprety retraces the practices of recruitment and instruction that - step by step - transform Nepali labor into an internationally marketable commodity. In doing so, she uncovers a migration regime that effectively turns local men and women into »migrant workers« before they even leave the country.
Nepal's citizens engage in foreign employment at the highest per capita rate of any other country in Asia, and their remittances account for 25 percent of the country's GDP. The Middle East is now the most popular destination for Nepalis -- nearly 700,000 were working in the Middle East in 2011 on temporary labor contracts. For some Nepalis, working abroad provides much-needed household wealth. For others, their contributions to Nepal come at great personal cost. Migrant workers in the Gulf, for example, routinely report wage theft, lack of time off and unsafe and unhealthy working conditions. Some migrant workers report psychological and physical abuse, and other forms of labor exploitation that may rise to the level of forced labor, debt bondage or other forms of trafficking. Women engaged in domestic work are often isolated in the home, where they may also endure emotional, physical and sexual abuse. The story of labor migration begins and ends at home. The conditions that give rise to labor trafficking are often set pre-departure in the recruitment phase itself. Between 2012 and 2014, researchers from Nepal, Australia and the United States conducted a study on migrant workers' access to justice in Nepal, including for exploitation and trafficking. Justice was defined to comprise both compensation for losses, and the holding of perpetrators accountable, for example through fines, licensing sanctions, or even imprisonment. The study found that overall access to justice in Nepal was extremely low, especially for migrant workers who have been survivors of labor trafficking. However, clear routes exist to improvement. The full results of the study, and related recommendations, are contained in the report Migrant Workers Access to Justice at Home: Nepal. This is the second study in a series providing a comprehensive analysis of migrant workers' access to justice at home; the first study, Migrant Workers Access to Justice at Home: Indonesia, was published October 2013.
Susanne Åsman's compelling ethnographic account examines migration for sex work in the Sindhupalchowk district of Nepal. Åsman explores how this migration, known as "Bombay Going," is understood by the locals. With a focus on agency, Åsman investigates how the migrants carve out a space for themselves and create relatedness in the spaces in between, from their homes in rural Nepal to the brothels of Mumbai. This book is essential reading for anyone interested in the politics of sex trafficking, gender, migration, or the global south.
If the right policies are in place, labour migration can help countries respond to shifts in labour supply and demand, stimulate innovation and sustainable development, and transfer and update skills. However, a lack of international standards regarding concepts, definitions and methodologies for measuring labour migration data still needs to be addressed. This report gives global and regional estimates, broken down by income group, gender and age. It also describes the data, sources and methodology used, as well as the corresponding limitations. The report seeks to contribute to the 2018 Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration and to achieving SDG targets 8.8 and 10.7
This labour market trends analysis was conducted to better understand the characteristics and dynamics of the labour migration process in the countries to where they are bound. Such insight is intended to lead to better protection of migrants and to help maximize the economic benefits from migration for all parties and ultimately to help improve the experience of South Asian migrant workers going abroad for employment. The majority of South Asian migrant workers (from Bangladesh, India, Pakistan and Nepal) journey abroad for jobs in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries of Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) but also to jobs in India and Malaysia. The labour market trends analysis entailed a series of studies in the six major countries of destination (India, Kuwait, Malaysia, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the UAE) to determine the current labour migration framework conditions and assess future demand. Then a series of studies in countries of origin was conducted to describe their migration profiles in the context of the destination countries studies. This report is a consolidation and analysis of the findings from the six individual destination country studies and related literature. The studies examined the labour demand in countries of destinations, the present and emerging relationships between national economies, employment characteristics and labour demand and how various migrant labour policies translate into different forms of preference or restriction. The actual characteristics of migrant labour in countries of destinations, the filtering and distorting mechanisms of the recruitment mechanisms and the way the migrant labour preparation and recruitment.
How Immigrants Contribute to Developing Countries' Economies is the result of a project carried out by the OECD Development Centre and the International Labour Organization, with support from the European Union. The report covers the ten project partner countries.
