Artificial Reefs
Artificial Reefs

Author: Michael V. Hynes

Publisher: RAND Corporation

Published: 2004

Total Pages: 80

ISBN-13:

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By 2005, the U.S. Navy and the Maritime Administration will have accumulated some 360 retired ships in need of disposal. A previous RAND study reviewed disposal options such as recycling (either domestically or overseas) and long-term storage. However, preparation and use of the ships for construction of artificial reefs was identified as the lowest-cost option. With the demonstrated potential attractiveness of reefing as a disposal option, in this study the authors examine the economic, legal, environmental, and programmatic issues that might bear on the Navy's decision to pursue the reefing option more seriously. They examine the demand for ships to be used as reefs and the impediments to such use, suggest program goals, and review possible business models for their potential to minimize risks and costs to the Navy.

Artificial Reefs: A Disposal Option for Navy and MARAD Ships
Artificial Reefs: A Disposal Option for Navy and MARAD Ships

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 2004

Total Pages: 69

ISBN-13:

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Over the next 20 years, after accounting for unfunded forms of ship disposal such as donations, sales, or transfers to foreign governments and private interests, more than 350 Navy and Maritime Administration (MARAD) vessels will require some form of government-funded disposal. A previous RAND Corporation study (Hess et al., Disposal Options for Ships, MR-1377-NAVY, 2001) reviewed such disposal options, including recycling (either domestically or overseas) and long-term storage. Preparation and use of ships for construction of artificial reefs was identified as the lowest-cost domestic option for ship disposal. In the research reported here, we examine the demand for ships as reefs and the impediments to such use. We suggest program goals and review possible business models for their potential to minimize risks and costs to the Navy. While it had been our intention to conduct a more-thorough analysis, the U.S. Navy, for which this research was conducted, found our preliminary results satisfactory for its purposes and asked that we not proceed further. Our reefing analysis is thus suggestive, rather than definitive. For the reader's convenience, a synopsis of the earlier study is included in this briefing. Some of the findings have been updated to reflect information coming to our attention since that report was published.

Disposal Options for Ships
Disposal Options for Ships

Author: Ronald Wayne Hess

Publisher: Rand Corporation

Published: 2001

Total Pages: 148

ISBN-13: 9780833030146

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This book identifies and evaluates options for the disposal of U.S. Navy andU.S. Maritime Administration (MARAD) ships. Four options are considered:long-term storage, domestic recycling, overseas recycling, and reefing(i.e., the sinking of ships to build artificial reefs). The authorsexamined the use of private and public U.S. shipyards, internationalorganizations, and partnerships between U.S. and foreign companies. Thestudy took applicable environmental and worker health and safety regulationsinto account to arrive at estimates of the costs, benefits, capacities,capabilities, feasibility, and risks associated with each option. It foundthat the Navy and MARAD should exploit the experience gained in the Navy_songoing Ship Disposal Program and the recently initiated MARAD program todispose of poor-condition ships in the inventory. Such a strategy wouldreduce the current risk of ship sinking or other notable environmentaldamage., At the same time, this study also found that both agencies shouldinitiate coordinated discussions with the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA) and other coastal regulatory authorities to develop standards forreefing that will make it a viable, long-term option for disposing of asmany of the 358 ships in the current inactive fleet as possible. The Navyand MARAD should not opt for overseas recycling; such a program wouldinvolve many impediments and difficulties. Neither should they opt forlong-term storage, which entails high and uncertain costs and only defers,rather than solves, the problem of disposing of the ships.

Structure in the Sea
Structure in the Sea

Author: William Seaman

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2022-09-23

Total Pages: 350

ISBN-13: 0128225823

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Structure in the Sea: The Science, Technology and Effects of Purpose-Built Reefs and Related Surfaces provides a review of the history, development, status and emerging trends in research, technology and applications of artificial reef habitats and sea floor structures. The book helps readers understand, utilize and add to the research of modern reef deployment efforts, presenting a guide to equip stakeholders requiring technical foundations and best practices. Topics include materials, designs and construction methods, along with the ecology of these structures, including key aspects of the life history of plants and animals associated with artificial reefs. Rigorous research addressing ecological, economic and engineering questions, coupled with the innovative deployment of structures worldwide by diverse stakeholders, have created a synergy that makes the book a valuable synthesis and analysis for this growing subject. Thus, its broad audience includes marine (coastal and ocean) environmental sciences, including aquatic ecologists, those working in ocean sustainability and conservation, benthic habitat and coral reef restoration practitioners, and more. - Presents a new perspective on how we might save natural wonders under threat - Provides a representation of reefs, showing the economic and humanitarian value of these natural ecosystems - Unlocks potentials for solutions for conservation by including global case studies

Preference Data for Environmental Valuation
Preference Data for Environmental Valuation

Author: John Whitehead

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2012-03-15

Total Pages: 371

ISBN-13: 1136812210

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The monetary valuation of environmental goods and services has evolved from a fringe field of study in the late 1970s and early 1980s to a primary focus of environmental economists over the past decade. Despite its rapid growth, practitioners of valuation techniques often find themselves defending their practices to both users of the results of applied studies and, perhaps more troubling, to other practitioners. One of the more heated threads of this internal debate over valuation techniques revolves around the types of data to use in performing a valuation study. In the infant years of the development of valuation techniques, two schools of thought emerged: the revealed preference school and the stated preference school, the latter of which is perhaps most associated with the contingent valuation method. In the midst of this debate an exciting new approach to non-market valuation was developed in the 1990s: a combination and joint estimation of revealed preference and stated preference data. There are two primary objectives for this book. One objective is to fill a gap in the nonmarket valuation "primer" literature. A number of books have appeared over the past decade that develop the theory and methods of nonmarket valuation but each takes an individual nonmarket valuation method approach. This book considers each of these valuation methods in combination with another method. These relationships can be exploited econometrically to obtain more valid and reliable estimates of willingness-to-pay relative to the individual methods. The second objective is to showcase recent and novel applications of data combination and joint estimation via a set of original, state-of-the-art studies that are contributed by leading researchers in the field. This book will be accessible to economists and consultants working in business or government, as well as an invaluable resource for researchers and students alike.