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Author: OECD
Publisher: OECD Publishing
Published: 1998-10-31
Total Pages: 67
ISBN-13: 9264189874
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis is the 1998 Arrangement. This Arrangement provides the institutional framework for an orderly export credit market; it aims to prevent an export credit race in which exporting countries compete on the basis of who grants the most favourable financing terms rather than on price and quality.
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Publisher:
Published: 1992
Total Pages: 62
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKAuthor: OECD
Publisher: OECD Publishing
Published: 1998-11-20
Total Pages: 146
ISBN-13: 9789264163867
DOWNLOAD EBOOKIn this collection of essays, participants involved with the Arrangement from its earliest days chart its evolution – its inception and progressive expansion, the difficulties encountered and problems solved.
Author: International Monetary Fund
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Published: 1988-01-01
Total Pages: 60
ISBN-13: 145194263X
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis paper emphasizes on the policy reaction of the agencies and their authorities to countries in various stages of debt-servicing difficulties. Export credit agencies have, over the past few years, been adopting a progressively more open stance. This is true with respect to short-term cover generally and, with respect to medium-term cover, for countries that have rescheduled their debts but are implementing adjustment programs and adhering to Paris Club agreements. Despite the more open stance, the volume of new medium-term credit and cover commitments to developing countries appears to have fallen off sharply over the past two years. Although for some debtors the operative constraint is clearly on the supply of new credits and cover, this is not the general case and, indeed, agencies reported net repayments from some countries for which they were wide open for new business. A number of agencies also considered that a factor behind the decline in both investment and export credits to support that investment could be the terms on which such credits are available.
Author: International Monetary Fund
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Published: 1990-03-01
Total Pages: 56
ISBN-13: 1557751390
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis paper presents report on a number of countries in Asia that have made substantial use of agency credits, including the quasi-concessional financing available through mixed credit s. Through their willingness to grant comprehensive relief on a case-by-case basis, official creditors have responded flexibly to the needs of individual countries. The ability of export credit agencies to also provide substantial new financing to rescheduling countries has depended on the strategy of debt subordination achieved through fixing cutoff dates. As to the role of export credits at present, when the debt strategy’s continuing emphasis on new money flows is being supplemented by debt reduction, the debt subordination strategy followed by export credit agencies has left them well positioned to provide necessary new financing for middle-income countries pursuing strong adjustment. In heavily indebted low income countries, whose needs for project finance should most appropriately be met by concessional finance, export credit agencies continue to play an important role in supporting essential short-term credits.
Author: Mr.Balázs Horváth
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
Published: 1995-12-01
Total Pages: 68
ISBN-13: 9781557754486
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis study discusses the importance of export credits, their recent growth, and the trend toward more extensive reliance by official bilateral creditors on export credits as an instrument of financial support, and raises a number of issues regarding the role and limitations of export credit financing, espeically for economies in transition.
Author: Philippe De Baere
Publisher: UN
Published: 2009
Total Pages: 56
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis study focuses on export promotion schemes that developing countries may use without violating international trade rules. It examines the rules themselves ndash; the World Trade Organization (WTO) Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures for industrial goods and the Agreement on Agriculture for agricultural products ndash; and looks at schemes currently in place in the developing world.
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Publisher:
Published: 1998
Total Pages:
ISBN-13:
DOWNLOAD EBOOKAuthor: OECD
Publisher: OECD Publishing
Published: 2017-03-27
Total Pages: 326
ISBN-13: 9264267999
DOWNLOAD EBOOKThis publication contains the following four parts: A model Competent Authority Agreement (CAA) for the automatic exchange of CRS information; the Common Reporting Standard; the Commentaries on the CAA and the CRS; and the CRS XML Schema User Guide.
Author: John E. Ray
Publisher: Peterson Institute
Published: 1995
Total Pages: 348
ISBN-13: 9780881322071
DOWNLOAD EBOOKDrawing on US and international sources Ray traces the development of international rules governing the use of official export credits and makes specific proposals for reducing their cost through enhanced international cooperation. Ray also includes basic documents dealing with export credits and aid-credit competition; these will provide an invaluable reference library for those concerned with export credit policy.
