Analysis of Immune Modulators in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss)
Analysis of Immune Modulators in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss)

Author: Dan V. Mourich

Publisher:

Published: 1996

Total Pages: 228

ISBN-13:

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The immune systems of various teleost fish have been studied in some detail for the past several decades. One aspect of fish immunity, that of endogenously produced modulating factors, has recently received a great deal of attention. Understanding the functions and roles of endogenous factors that regulate fish immunity is paramount to expanding the fields of fish immunology and vaccinology. It is know that several lymphoid cell derived factors are detectable in in vitro cell culture systems and exhibit immune modulating effects similar to well studied proteins in mammals. However in comparison, few genes or gene products involved in the modulation of the trout immune responses have been isolated, cloned and characterized. The studies described herein were designed to isolate specific genes from rainbow trout (0ncorhynchus mykiss) and characterize their involvement in the modulation and regulation of the trout immune system. Two distinct genes were isolated cloned and sequenced. The first, non-specific cytotoxic cell enhancement factor (NCEF) gene is closely related to a human gene termed "natural killer enhancement factor" (NKEF) which is important in the modulation of human natural killer cell activity. The second gene is closely related to a group of recently characterized mammalian genes involved in the signal transduction of cytokines termed "STATs". The role of these genes and their respective protein products will be examined and discussed. The antigenic structures of the fish proteins (NCEF and STAT5) were examined by western blot and immunohistochemistry. Monoclonal antibodies derived against the respective human proteins were found to cross react with the corresponding trout proteins, demonstrating antigenic relatedness. The monoclonal regents were also used to analyze the expression of these proteins in fish cells of lymphoid and non lymphoid origin. In vitro cell culture analysis was used to determine the effects and roles of NCEF and STAT5 gene products in the trout immune system. The cytolytic and apoptotic killing activities of spleen, head kidney and peripheral blood leukocytes were found to be enhanced by NCEF. Mitogenic stimulation of peripheral blood lymphoid cells resulted in the trout STAT5 protein binding to a know sequences contained with in the promoters of genes transcriptionally activated in response to cytokine exposure.

Analysis of Immune Gene Expression in Infected and Vaccinated Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss with a Focus of on Cytikines of Adaptive Immunity
Analysis of Immune Gene Expression in Infected and Vaccinated Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus Mykiss with a Focus of on Cytikines of Adaptive Immunity

Author: Nor Omaima Harun

Publisher:

Published: 2012

Total Pages:

ISBN-13:

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The aquaculture sector is currently thriving, and has expanded to meet the demand for fish and shellfish as an alternative protein source to meat. This is especially true for high value products such as Atlantic salmon, where in Scotland salmon farming is reported to be worth> £1 billion to the national economy. Currently around 40% of farmed fish and shellfish destined for human consumption are derived from aquaculture. Therefore, a great deal of attention is paid to problems that the industry faces, with fish diseases of paramount importance. A variety of species of bacteria, viruses and parasites are common in the aquatic environment, which can result in serious diseases amongst fish stocks. As a result, ways to improve disease resistance have been the focus of much attention, with the use of vaccines considered a desirable way forward. However, other approaches are also followed, such as the use of immunostimulants to improve fish health in a more limited, non-specific way, or the use of genetic markers to allow selective breeding of important disease resistance traits. For all of these approaches more information is needed on the pathways that give rise to disease resistance in fish in different situations, to allow their manipulation or monitoring, and the studies in this thesis are directed towards this goal. Fish has been used as a model to study the evolution of vertebrate immunolity for some deacades, especially work on humoral immune responses where knowledge on antibody production has dominated much of the literature on fish immunology. In contrast, little known about specific cell-mediated immunity in fish, even though it also likely plays an important role in the immune system and disease resistance. Therefore, this thesis has been focused on analysing such responses, taking advantage of the recently discovered cytokines of adaptive immune responses in fish, which allow transcriptomic studies in particular to look at the molecules turned on during infection and after vaccination. Thus the goal of this thesis was to take advantage of some successful vaccines that exist for rainbow trout, and examine the gene expression changes that occur in vaccinated trout post-challenge with the homologus pathogen, and to try to dissect pathways that may correlate with disease resistance in this species.

Immune Responses of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) to Vaccination and Immune Stimulation
Immune Responses of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) to Vaccination and Immune Stimulation

Author: Eakapol Wangkahart

Publisher:

Published: 2017

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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YRF was next produced in a bacterial system, and purified. Its bioactivity was investigated first in the trout macrophage cell line RTS-11 and head kidney primary cell cultures. YRF is a potent activator of pro-inflammatory cytokines, APPs, AMPs and subunits of the IL-12 cytokine family in vitro. This property was further confirm in vivo in multiple tissues after intraperitoneal injection of YRF. These results suggest that flagellins are important pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that can activate an inflammatory response in fish not only in vitro but also in vivo. Furthermore, YRF was shown to be the most potent PAMP in vitro, in terms of activation of an inflammatory response, compared to pure LPS and peptidoglycan. In addition, YRF mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant can induce YRF-specific IgM antibodies in rainbow trout. These antibodies are able to neutralize YRF bioactivity, and react against the middle domain of YRF, as assessed in Western blot analysis. When YRF was fused with a protein antigen, it increased the antigen-specific IgM antibody response. This analysis reveals that YRF is a potent activator of host immune responses and can be used as an immune stimulant and adjuvant to improve vaccine efficacy.

Ongoing Research in Jawed Fish Immunity: Structural and Functional Studies at the Protein and Cellular Levels
Ongoing Research in Jawed Fish Immunity: Structural and Functional Studies at the Protein and Cellular Levels

Author: Monica Imarai

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

Published: 2020-06-04

Total Pages: 256

ISBN-13: 288963731X

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Knowledge of jawed fish immune systems obtained in the last 15 years has been mostly obtained through the sequencing of genomes of different fish species and from the use of high-throughput techniques such as transcriptomic analysis and RNA sequencing, which has allowed characterization of immune gene responses at the transcriptomic level. Although these have been important tools for exploring the complexities of the immune responses of fish species, the next generation of knowledge requires the use of new tools and methods capable of unveiling the diversity of immune cells and molecules in jawed fish, the network of interactions and responses, and the mechanisms leading to immune protection against pathogens. For more than 10 years, many laboratories have been engaged in developing antibodies against key molecules of jawed fish immune systems in several different species because the lack of sequence conservation of most immune genes makes it impossible to use the large panel of antibodies against mammalian molecules for recognition of fish molecules. The numerous genes encoding cytokines and receptors have now been used to make recombinant proteins available, allowing studies of the complex network of cytokine and receptor functions central to fish immune responses. From many laboratories, new and interesting knowledge about immune cells, their functions and interactions can be studied with the availability of new tools and methods have begun to provide a clear understanding fish immunity at the protein and cellular levels. This Research Topic gives a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of jawed fish immune responses with a particular emphasis on structural and functional studies at the protein and cellular levels.

Vaccines and Immunostimulants for Finfish
Vaccines and Immunostimulants for Finfish

Author: Hetron Mweemba Munang’andu

Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

Published: 2020-12-16

Total Pages: 279

ISBN-13: 2889661733

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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact.

Marine Microbiology
Marine Microbiology

Author: Se-Kwon Kim

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2013-06-21

Total Pages: 558

ISBN-13: 3527665277

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Deliberately breaking with the classical biology-centered description of marine organisms and their products, this reference emphasizes microbial technology over basic biology, setting it apart from its predecessors. As such, it systematically covers the technology behind high-value compounds for use as pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals or cosmetics, from prospecting to production issues. Following a definition of the field, the book goes on to address all industrially important aspects of marine microbial biotechnology. The first main part contains a description of the major production organisms, from archaebacteria to cyanobacteria to algae and symbionts, including their genetic engineering. The remaining four parts look at commercially important compounds produced by these microorganisms together with their applications. Throughout, the emphasis is on technological considerations, and the future potential of these organisms or compound classes is discussed. A valuable and forward-looking resource for innovative biotechnologists in industry as well as in academia.