Time-mode circuits, where information is represented by time difference between digital events, offer a viable and technology-friendly means to realize mixed-mode circuits and systems in nanometer complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technologies. Various architectures of time-based signal processing and design techniques of CMOS time-mode circuits have emerged; however, an in-depth examination of the principles of time-based signal processing and design techniques of time-mode circuits has not been available—until now. CMOS Time-Mode Circuits and Systems: Fundamentals and Applications is the first book to deliver a comprehensive treatment of CMOS time-mode circuits and systems. Featuring contributions from leading experts, this authoritative text contains a rich collection of literature on time-mode circuits and systems. The book begins by presenting a critical comparison of voltage-mode, current-mode, and time-mode signaling for mixed-mode signal processing and then: Covers the fundamentals of time-mode signal processing, such as voltage-to-time converters, all-digital phase-locked loops, and frequency synthesizers Investigates the performance characteristics, architecture, design techniques, and implementation of time-to-digital converters Discusses time-mode delta-sigma-based analog-to-digital converters, placing a great emphasis on time-mode quantizers Includes a detailed study of ultra-low-power integrated time-mode temperature measurement systems CMOS Time-Mode Circuits and Systems: Fundamentals and Applications provides a valuable reference for circuit design engineers, hardware system engineers, graduate students, and others seeking to master this fast-evolving field.
Micro-electronics and so integrated circuit design are heavily driven by technology scaling. The main engine of scaling is an increased system performance at reduced manufacturing cost (per system). In most systems digital circuits dominate with respect to die area and functional complexity. Digital building blocks take full - vantage of reduced device geometries in terms of area, power per functionality, and switching speed. On the other hand, analog circuits rely not on the fast transition speed between a few discrete states but fairly on the actual shape of the trans- tor characteristic. Technology scaling continuously degrades these characteristics with respect to analog performance parameters like output resistance or intrinsic gain. Below the 100 nm technology node the design of analog and mixed-signal circuits becomes perceptibly more dif cult. This is particularly true for low supply voltages near to 1V or below. The result is not only an increased design effort but also a growing power consumption. The area shrinks considerably less than p- dicted by the digital scaling factor. Obviously, both effects are contradictory to the original goal of scaling. However, digital circuits become faster, smaller, and less power hungry. The fast switching transitions reduce the susceptibility to noise, e. g. icker noise in the transistors. There are also a few drawbacks like the generation of power supply noise or the lack of power supply rejection.
This comprehensive new handbook is a one-stop engineering reference covering data converter fundamentals, techniques, and applications. Beginning with the basic theoretical elements necessary for a complete understanding of data converters, the book covers all the latest advances made in this changing field. Details are provided on the design of high-speec ADCs, high accuracy DACs and ADCs, sample-and-hold amplifiers, voltage sources and current reference,noise-shaping coding, sigma-delta converters, and much more.
The goal of this book is to encourage the reader to become proficient in the analysis and design of circuits utilizing modern linear integrated circuits. It progresses from the fundamental circuit building blocks through to analog and digital conversion systems. A methodical step-by-step presentation introduces the basic idealized operational amplifiers and eventually examines practical limitations in great detail. Each chapter has a problem set and contains extended topic to present extra discussion and details about the subject.
Quickly Engages in Applying Algorithmic Techniques to Solve Practical Signal Processing Problems With its active, hands-on learning approach, this text enables readers to master the underlying principles of digital signal processing and its many applications in industries such as digital television, mobile and broadband communications, and medical/scientific devices. Carefully developed MATLAB® examples throughout the text illustrate the mathematical concepts and use of digital signal processing algorithms. Readers will develop a deeper understanding of how to apply the algorithms by manipulating the codes in the examples to see their effect. Moreover, plenty of exercises help to put knowledge into practice solving real-world signal processing challenges. Following an introductory chapter, the text explores: Sampled signals and digital processing Random signals Representing signals and systems Temporal and spatial signal processing Frequency analysis of signals Discrete-time filters and recursive filters Each chapter begins with chapter objectives and an introduction. A summary at the end of each chapter ensures that one has mastered all the key concepts and techniques before progressing in the text. Lastly, appendices listing selected web resources, research papers, and related textbooks enable the investigation of individual topics in greater depth. Upon completion of this text, readers will understand how to apply key algorithmic techniques to address practical signal processing problems as well as develop their own signal processing algorithms. Moreover, the text provides a solid foundation for evaluating and applying new digital processing signal techniques as they are developed.
Real-time Digital Signal Processing: Implementations and Applications has been completely updated and revised for the 2nd edition and remains the only book on DSP to provide an overview of DSP theory and programming with hands-on experiments using MATLAB, C and the newest fixed-point processors from Texas Instruments (TI).
This book presents the a scientific discussion of the state-of-the-art techniques and designs for modeling, testing and for the performance analysis of data converters. The focus is put on sustainable data conversion. Sustainability has become a public issue that industries and users can not ignore. Devising environmentally friendly solutions for data conversion designing, modeling and testing is nowadays a requirement that researchers and practitioners must consider in their activities. This book presents the outcome of the IWADC workshop 2011, held in Orvieto, Italy.
A mathematically rigorous but accessible treatment of digital signal processing that intertwines basic theoretical techniques with hands-on laboratory instruction is provided by this book. The book covers various aspects of the digital signal processing (DSP) "problem". It begins with the analysis of discrete-time signals and explains sampling and the use of the discrete and fast Fourier transforms. The second part of the book — covering digital to analog and analog to digital conversion — provides a practical interlude in the mathematical content before Part III lays out a careful development of the Z-transform and the design and analysis of digital filters.
Today's complex electronic systems with billions of transistors on a single die are enabled by the aggressive scaling down of the device feature size at an exponential rate as predicted by the Moore's law. Digital circuits benefit from technology scaling to become faster, more energy efficient as well as more area efficient as the feature size is scaled down. Moreover, digital design also benefits from mature CAD tools that simplify the design and cross-technology porting of complex systems, leveraging on a cell-based design methodology. On the other hand, the design of analog circuits is getting increasingly difficult as the feature size scales down into the deep nanometer regime due to a variety of reasons like shrinking voltage headroom, reducing intrinsic gain of the devices, increasing noise coupling between circuit nodes due to shorter distances etc. Furthermore, analog circuits are still largely designed with a full custom design ow that makes their design and porting tedious, slow, and expensive. In this context, it is attractive to consider realizing analog/mixed-signal circuits using standard digital components. This leads to scaling-friendly mixed-signal blocks that can be designed and ported using the existing CAD framework available for digital design. The concept is already being applied to mixed-signal components like frequency synthesizers where all-digital architectures are synthesized using standard cells as basic components. This can be extended to other mixed-signal blocks like digital-to-analog and analog to- digital converters as well, where the latter is of particular interest in this thesis. A voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)-based analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is an attractive architecture to achieve all-digital analog-to digital conversion due to favorable properties like shaping of the quantization error, inherent anti-alias filtering etc. Here a VCO operates as a signal integrator as well as a quantizer. A converter employing a ring oscillator as the VCO lends itself to an all-digital implementation. In this dissertation, we explore the design of VCO-based ADCs synthesized using digital standard cells with the long-term goal of achieving high performance data converters built from low accuracy switch components. In a first step, an ADC is designed using vendor supplied standard cells and fabricated in a 65 nm CMOS process. The converter delivers an 8-bit ENOB over a 25 MHz bandwidth while consuming 3.3 mW of power resulting in an energy efficiency of 235 fJ/step (Walden FoM). Then we utilize standard digital CAD tools to synthesize converter designs that are fully described using a hardware description language. A polynomial-based digital post-processing scheme is proposed to correct for the VCO nonlinearity. In addition, pulse modulation schemes like delta modulation and asynchronous sigma-delta modulation are used as a signal pre-coding scheme, in an attempt to reduce the impact of VCO nonlinearity on converter performance. In order to investigate the scaling benefits of all-digital data conversion, a VCO-based converter is designed in a 28 nm CMOS process. The design delivers a 13.4-bit ENOB over a 5 MHz bandwidth achieving an energy efficiency of 4.3 fJ/step according to post-synthesis schematic simulation, indicating that such converters have the potential of achieving good performance in deeply scaled processes by exploiting scaling benefits. Furthermore, large conversion errors caused by non-ideal sampling of the oscillator phase are studied. An encoding scheme employing ones counters is proposed to code the sampled ring oscillator output into a number, which is resilient to a class of sampling induced errors modeled by temporal reordering of the transitions in the ring. The proposed encoding reduces the largest error caused by random reordering of up to six subsequent bits in the sampled signal from 31 to 2 LSBs. Finally, the impact of process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations on the performance while operating the converter from a subthreshold supply is investigated. PVT-adaptive solutions are suggested as a means to achieve energy-efficient operation over a wide range of PVT conditions.
