A History of the Development of Alternatives to Animals in Research and Testing
A History of the Development of Alternatives to Animals in Research and Testing

Author: John Parascandola

Publisher: Purdue University Press

Published: 2024-07-15

Total Pages: 151

ISBN-13: 1612499643

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Growing public interest in animal welfare issues in recent decades has prompted increased attention to the efforts to develop alternative, nonanimal methods for use in biomedical research and product testing. In A History of the Development of Alternatives to Animals in Research and Testing, the first book-length study of the subject, John Parascandola traces the history of the concept of alternatives to the use of animals in research and testing in Britain and the United States from its beginnings until it had become firmly established in the scientific and animal protection communities by the end of the 1980s. This account of the history of alternatives is set within the context of developments within science, animal welfare, and politics. The book covers the key role played by animal welfare advocates in promoting alternatives, the initial resistance to alternatives on the part of many in the scientific community, the opportunity provided by alternatives for compromise and cooperation between these two groups, and the dominance of the “Three Rs”—reduction, refinement, and replacement.

Research for Consumer Policy
Research for Consumer Policy

Author: William Michael Denney

Publisher:

Published: 1978

Total Pages: 292

ISBN-13:

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This is the report on a special national conference dealing with the subject of Consumer Research for Consumer Policy. The conference was held July 28-29, 1977 in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and was hosted by the Center for Policy Alternatives at M.I.T. under funding support of the National Science Foundation. The purpose of the meetings was to begin building stronger connections between consumer research and consumer policy formulation in both the public and private sectors. The participants included nearly one hundred specialists from business, academia, consumer advocacy groups, and the private research community. This report includes: (1) an overview of the total proceedings, with recommendations for future such efforts; (2) a synthesis of issues raised in the workshops and open discussions of the conference; (3) the full texts of ten original papers prepared for this conference, accompanied by summaries of discussants remarks; and (4) an inventory of suggested research priorities in the consumer policy areas.

Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup
Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup

Author: National Research Council

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 1994-02-01

Total Pages: 334

ISBN-13: 0309049946

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There may be nearly 300,000 waste sites in the United States where ground water and soil are contaminated. Yet recent studies question whether existing technologies can restore contaminated ground water to drinking water standards, which is the goal for most sites and the result expected by the public. How can the nation balance public health, technological realities, and cost when addressing ground water cleanup? This new volume offers specific conclusions, outlines research needs, and recommends policies that are technologically sound while still protecting health and the environment. Authored by the top experts from industry and academia, this volume: Examines how the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the subsurface environment, as well as the properties of contaminants, complicate the cleanup task. Reviews the limitations of widely used conventional pump-and-treat cleanup systems, including detailed case studies. Evaluates a range of innovative cleanup technologies and the barriers to their full implementation. Presents specific recommendations for policies and practices in evaluating contamination sites, in choosing remediation technologies, and in setting appropriate cleanup goals.

Alternative Technologies to Replace Antipersonnel Landmines
Alternative Technologies to Replace Antipersonnel Landmines

Author: National Research Council

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2001-03-21

Total Pages: 140

ISBN-13: 0309171164

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This book examines potential technologies for replacing antipersonnel landmines by 2006, the U.S. target date for signing an international treaty banning these weapons. Alternative Technologies to Replace Antipersonnel Landmines emphasizes the role that technology can play to allow certain weapons to be used more selectively, reducing the danger to uninvolved civilians while improving the effectiveness of the U.S. military. Landmines are an important weapon in the U.S. military's arsenal but the persistent variety can cause unintended casualties, to both civilians and friendly forces. New technologies could replace some, but not all, of the U.S. military's antipersonnel landmines by 2006. In the period following 2006, emerging technologies might eliminate the landmine totally, while retaining the necessary functionalities that today's mines provide to the military.