Advances in Reflectometric Sensing for Industrial Applications
Advances in Reflectometric Sensing for Industrial Applications

Author: Andrea Cataldo

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2022-05-31

Total Pages: 84

ISBN-13: 3031794974

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This book offers a comprehensive review of innovative measurement and monitoring solutions based on time domain reflectometry (TDR). This technique has numerous applications in several fields, ranging from the characterization of electronic devices to quality control of vegetable oils. However, most of the well-established TDR-based monitoring solutions rely on local or punctual probes; therefore, typically, to monitor large areas/volumes, a high number of probes must be employed, with the consequent maintenance and management requirements. On such bases, in the last few years, the authors have carried out extensive research on the use of diffused wire-like sensing elements to be used as probes for TDR measurements. The basic idea has been to extend the principles of punctual TDR-based monitoring to multi-purpose networks of diffused, sensing elements (SE's), embedded permanently within the systems to be monitored (STBM's). These SEs can be tens of meters long, and can follow any desired path inside the STBM.; in fact, they are inactive inside the STBM. Additionally, these SE's are passive (i.e., they do not require batteries) and their sensing ability is activated, by the TDR signal, when they are connected to the measurement instrument. In addition to this, these SE's are completely maintenance-free. Starting from these considerations, this book addresses the use of low-cost, passive, flexible, wire-like SE's to be used in conjunction with TDR. This book also provides several application test cases, with hints for practical implementation of the described monitoring systems.

Advanced Concepts and Architectures for Plasma-Enabled Material Processing
Advanced Concepts and Architectures for Plasma-Enabled Material Processing

Author: Oleg O. Baranov

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2022-05-31

Total Pages: 82

ISBN-13: 3031020359

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Plasma-based techniques are widely and successfully used across the field of materials processing, advanced nanosynthesis, and nanofabrication. The diversity of currently available processing architectures based on or enhanced by the use of plasmas is vast, and one can easily get lost in the opportunities presented by each of these configurations. This mini-book provides a concise outline of the most important concepts and architectures in plasma-assisted processing of materials, helping the reader navigate through the fundamentals of plasma system selection and optimization. Architectures discussed in this book range from the relatively simple, user-friendly types of plasmas produced using direct current, radio-frequency, microwave, and arc systems, to more sophisticated advanced systems based on incorporating and external substrate architectures, and complex control mechanisms of configured magnetic fields and distributed plasma sources.

Novel Advances in Microsystems Technologies and Their Applications
Novel Advances in Microsystems Technologies and Their Applications

Author: Laurent A. Francis

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2017-07-28

Total Pages: 621

ISBN-13: 1466560673

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Microsystems technologies have found their way into an impressive variety of applications, from mobile phones, computers, and displays to smart grids, electric cars, and space shuttles. This multidisciplinary field of research extends the current capabilities of standard integrated circuits in terms of materials and designs and complements them by creating innovative components and smaller systems that require lower power consumption and display better performance. Novel Advances in Microsystems Technologies and their Applications delves into the state of the art and the applications of microsystems and microelectronics-related technologies. Featuring contributions by academic and industrial researchers from around the world, this book: Examines organic and flexible electronics, from polymer solar cell to flexible interconnects for the co-integration of micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) with complementary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOS) Discusses imaging and display technologies, including MEMS technology in reflective displays, the fabrication of thin-film transistors on glass substrates, and new techniques to display and quickly transmit high-quality images Explores sensor technologies for sensing electrical currents and temperature, monitoring structural health and critical industrial processes, and more Covers biomedical microsystems, including biosensors, point-of-care devices, neural stimulation and recording, and ultra-low-power biomedical systems Written for researchers, engineers, and graduate students in electrical and biomedical engineering, this book reviews groundbreaking technology, trends, and applications in microelectronics. Its coverage of the latest research serves as a source of inspiration for anyone interested in further developing microsystems technologies and creating new applications.

Layout Techniques in MOSFETs
Layout Techniques in MOSFETs

Author: Salvador Pinillos Gimenez

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2022-06-01

Total Pages: 69

ISBN-13: 3031020316

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This book aims at describing in detail the different layout techniques for remarkably boosting the electrical performance and the ionizing radiation tolerance of planar Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) Field Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) without adding any costs to the current planar Complementary MOS (CMOS) integrated circuits (ICs) manufacturing processes. These innovative layout styles are based on pn junctions engineering between the drain/source and channel regions or simply MOSFET gate layout change. These interesting layout structures are capable of incorporating new effects in the MOSFET structures, such as the Longitudinal Corner Effect (LCE), the Parallel connection of MOSFETs with Different Channel Lengths Effect (PAMDLE), the Deactivation of the Parallel MOSFETs in the Bird's Beak Regions (DEPAMBBRE), and the Drain Leakage Current Reduction Effect (DLECRE), which are still seldom explored by the semiconductor and CMOS ICs industries. Several three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulations and experimental works are referenced in this book to show how these layout techniques can help the designers to reach the analog and digital CMOS ICs specifications with no additional cost. Furthermore, the electrical performance and ionizing radiation robustness of the analog and digital CMOS ICs can significantly be increased by using this gate layout approach.

Resistive Random Access Memory (RRAM)
Resistive Random Access Memory (RRAM)

Author: Shimeng Yu

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2022-06-01

Total Pages: 71

ISBN-13: 3031020308

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RRAM technology has made significant progress in the past decade as a competitive candidate for the next generation non-volatile memory (NVM). This lecture is a comprehensive tutorial of metal oxide-based RRAM technology from device fabrication to array architecture design. State-of-the-art RRAM device performances, characterization, and modeling techniques are summarized, and the design considerations of the RRAM integration to large-scale array with peripheral circuits are discussed. Chapter 2 introduces the RRAM device fabrication techniques and methods to eliminate the forming process, and will show its scalability down to sub-10 nm regime. Then the device performances such as programming speed, variability control, and multi-level operation are presented, and finally the reliability issues such as cycling endurance and data retention are discussed. Chapter 3 discusses the RRAM physical mechanism, and the materials characterization techniques to observe the conductive filaments and the electrical characterization techniques to study the electronic conduction processes. It also presents the numerical device modeling techniques for simulating the evolution of the conductive filaments as well as the compact device modeling techniques for circuit-level design. Chapter 4 discusses the two common RRAM array architectures for large-scale integration: one-transistor-one-resistor (1T1R) and cross-point architecture with selector. The write/read schemes are presented and the peripheral circuitry design considerations are discussed. Finally, a 3D integration approach is introduced for building ultra-high density RRAM array. Chapter 5 is a brief summary and will give an outlook for RRAM’s potential novel applications beyond the NVM applications.

Radiation Imaging Detectors Using SOI Technology
Radiation Imaging Detectors Using SOI Technology

Author: Yasuo Arai

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2022-06-01

Total Pages: 59

ISBN-13: 3031020332

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Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) technology is widely used in high-performance and low-power semiconductor devices. The SOI wafers have two layers of active silicon (Si), and normally the bottom Si layer is a mere physical structure. The idea of making intelligent pixel detectors by using the bottom Si layer as sensors for X-ray, infrared light, high-energy particles, neutrons, etc. emerged from very early days of the SOI technology. However, there have been several difficult issues with fabricating such detectors and they have not become very popular until recently. This book offers a comprehensive overview of the basic concepts and research issues of SOI radiation image detectors. It introduces basic issues to implement the SOI detector and presents how to solve these issues. It also reveals fundamental techniques, improvement of radiation tolerance, applications, and examples of the detectors. Since the SOI detector has both a thick sensing region and CMOS transistors in a monolithic die, many ideas have emerged to utilize this technology. This book is a good introduction for people who want to develop or use SOI detectors.

Compound Semiconductor Materials and Devices
Compound Semiconductor Materials and Devices

Author: Zhaojun Liu

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2022-06-01

Total Pages: 65

ISBN-13: 3031020286

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Ever since its invention in the 1980s, the compound semiconductor heterojunction-based high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) has been widely used in radio frequency (RF) applications. This book provides readers with broad coverage on techniques and new trends of HEMT, employing leading compound semiconductors, III-N and III-V materials. The content includes an overview of GaN HEMT device-scaling technologies and experimental research breakthroughs in fabricating various GaN MOSHEMT transistors. Readers are offered an inspiring example of monolithic integration of HEMT with LEDs, too. The authors compile the most relevant aspects of III-V HEMT, including the current status of state-of-art HEMTs, their possibility of replacing the Si CMOS transistor channel, and growth opportunities of III-V materials on an Si substrate. With detailed exploration and explanations, the book is a helpful source suitable for anyone learning about and working on compound semiconductor devices.

The Digital Revolution
The Digital Revolution

Author: Bob Merritt

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2022-06-01

Total Pages: 99

ISBN-13: 3031020294

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As technologists, we are constantly exploring and pushing the limits of our own disciplines, and we accept the notion that the efficiencies of new technologies are advancing at a very rapid rate. However, we rarely have time to contemplate the broader impact of these technologies as they impact and amplify adjacent technology disciplines. This book therefore focuses on the potential impact of those technologies, but it is not intended as a technical manuscript. In this book, we consider our progress and current position %toward on arbitrary popular concepts of future scenarios rather than the typical measurements of cycles per second or milliwatts. We compare our current human cultural situation to other past historic events as we anticipate the future social impact of rapidly accelerating technologies. We also rely on measurements based on specific events highlighting the breadth of the impact of accelerating semiconductor technologies rather than the specific rate of advance of any particular semiconductor technology. These measurements certainly lack the mathematic precision and repeatability to which technologists are accustomed, but the material that we are dealing with—the social objectives and future political structures of humanity—does not permit a high degree of mathematic accuracy. Our conclusion draws from the concept of Singularity. It seems certain that at the rate at which our technologies are advancing, we will exceed the ability of our post‒Industrial Revolution structures to absorb these new challenges, and we cannot accurately anticipate what those future social structures will resemble.

Non-Volatile In-Memory Computing by Spintronics
Non-Volatile In-Memory Computing by Spintronics

Author: Hao Yu

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2022-05-31

Total Pages: 147

ISBN-13: 3031020324

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Exa-scale computing needs to re-examine the existing hardware platform that can support intensive data-oriented computing. Since the main bottleneck is from memory, we aim to develop an energy-efficient in-memory computing platform in this book. First, the models of spin-transfer torque magnetic tunnel junction and racetrack memory are presented. Next, we show that the spintronics could be a candidate for future data-oriented computing for storage, logic, and interconnect. As a result, by utilizing spintronics, in-memory-based computing has been applied for data encryption and machine learning. The implementations of in-memory AES, Simon cipher, as well as interconnect are explained in details. In addition, in-memory-based machine learning and face recognition are also illustrated in this book.