ACQUISITION, PROCESSING, AND ANALYSIS OF DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING AND ATROPHY MRI IN THE INJURED PEDIATRIC SPINAL CORD
ACQUISITION, PROCESSING, AND ANALYSIS OF DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING AND ATROPHY MRI IN THE INJURED PEDIATRIC SPINAL CORD

Author: Devon Middleton

Publisher:

Published: 2017

Total Pages: 110

ISBN-13:

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Spinal cord injury has the potential to be debilitating, particularly in the pediatric population. Identification of the exact injury level can be difficult from conventional structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans, and younger children often have difficulty in participating in the clinical examinations that define neurologic damage. Because of limitations of existing clinical examinations and conventional imaging, more advanced quantitative imaging techniques are important for improvement in diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of spinal cord injury. A quantitative characterization of the full spinal cord injury from both a functional and structural perspective has not been performed in pediatric subjects and has potential to provide important diagnostic and prognostic information. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) gives a non-invasive quantification of water diffusion in the spinal cord and can provide insight into white matter integrity, while high resolution volumetric imaging can determine cord cross sectional area reflecting atrophy occurring post injury. Multiple challenges exist in analysis of pediatric spinal cord data, including physiological motion, low signal-to-noise, thermal noise and image artifact, and cumbersome measurements of cord morphology. In this work, a complete pipeline for the acquisition and analysis of both functional DTI data and high resolution structural data is designed, tested, and implemented including MR image acquisition, motion correction, diffusion tensor estimation, region of interest analysis, and semi-automated cord cross sectional area measurement. Data for both healthy subjects and subjects with spinal cord injury is collected and significant correlations are shown between DTI and cord morphology metrics. This characterization of the injured spinal cord using both structural and functional data has the potential to offer important new information for examination of spinal cord injury.

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) of the Pediatric Spinal Cord
Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) of the Pediatric Spinal Cord

Author: Nadia Barakat

Publisher:

Published: 2012

Total Pages: 134

ISBN-13:

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Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is a technique for noninvasively examining diffusion of water molecules in each voxel of an image in directions parallel and transverse to the plane of neuronal axons. The quantitative characteristic of DTI allows for the characterization of physical properties of tissues. The unique characteristic architecture of the spinal cord allows DTI to characterize cord white matter, separate white from gray matter and assess structural damage of the cord. While studies on diffusion imaging of the spinal cord in adults, as well as in animal models have been reported, a comprehensive study of the pediatric spinal cord examining the accuracy and reproducibility of DTI measures has not yet been reported. The purpose of this study is to (a) evaluate the accuracy of cervical spinal cord DTI in children using a newly developed inner-Field-of-View (iFoV) sequence with spatially selective 2D RF excitations, (b) investigate reproducibility of the DTI measures and (c) examine correlation of DTI with standardized clinical exams. Twenty-five pediatric control subjects and ten pediatric patients with Spinal Cord Injuries (SCI) were recruited. The iFoV DTI pulse sequence was implemented on a 3 Tesla MRI scanner. The protocol was optimized for imaging the pediatric spinal cord and tested on phantom models, human cadaveric spine and adult subjects. All thirty-five pediatric subjects underwent two DTI scans of the spinal cord. Imaging results were compared between controls and patients with SCI. Statistical analysis was performed to examine reproducibility of DTI parameters and their correlation with standard clinical examinations. Results showed reduced FA and increased diffusivity values (AD, RD and MD) in patients compared to controls. Reproducibility of the different DTI parameters showed moderate to strong agreement between the repeated-measurements scans. Correlations between clinical examinations (ISNCSCI and MRI scores) and DTI values showed that DTI predicts sacral sparing outcomes, motor and MRI levels in the injured spinal cord with good to strong accuracy. Results also revealed that DTI values differ between children with and without cervical SCI and between children with SCI who have incomplete injuries and complete injuries. Finally, the study showed DTI to have relatively low specificity values for AC and DAP, compared with specificity for S4-5 sensation, and that the combination of the three DTI parameters FA, AD and RD was the strongest predictor of both motor level and MRI level of injury. This study was the first to demonstrate the feasibility of pediatric spinal cord DTI and produced accurate and reliable DTI measures.

MULTIPARAMETRIC MRI OF THE PEDIATRIC SPINAL CORD
MULTIPARAMETRIC MRI OF THE PEDIATRIC SPINAL CORD

Author: Shiva Shahrampour

Publisher:

Published: 2023

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements of the pediatric spinal cord is important for both diagnostic and treatment planning. In recent years several quantitative MRI (qMRI) techniques that have been developed and tested to measure functional and structural information of the spinal cord tissue and microstructure. Several of the existing structural and functional imaging biomarkers (i.e., diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)) have demonstrated potential for providing microstructural information about the spinal cord. However, due to the lack of a standard anatomical template of the pediatric spinal cord, quantification of the spinal cord tissue has been challenging. Therefore, one of the goals of this work is to develop and test tools for quantification as well as the creation of a standard structural template of the typically developing (TD) pediatric spinal cord. This will allow automated measurement of normative values of the spinal cord cross-sectional area (SCCSA) at various levels of the spinal cord. Furthermore, to examine the white matter (WM) microstructure of the pediatric cord we developed a processing pipeline for the atlas-based generation of TD pediatric spinal cord WM tracts. This will facilitate the measurements of normative diffusion values for various WM tracts.A group of 30 TD subjects (age range of 6-17 years old (12.38 ±2.81)), who had no evidence of spinal cord injury or pathology were recruited. We utilized a multiparametric MRI protocol, including high-resolution T2-w structural and diffusion-weighted MRI images to scan the subjects on a 3T MRI scanner. The diffusion data were acquired using a novel iFOV DTI sequence. For quantification, a post-processing pipeline was utilized to generate the structural pediatric template. Next, WM tracts were generated using an atlas-based approach, and diffusion metrics (FA, MD, RD and AD) were quantified in 34 tracts identified in the processing pipeline. Normative SCCSA and DTI diffusion indices were generated for the TD population. Lastly, we demonstrated that DTI indices (i.e. FA) can be a predictive measure of components of the clinical test for spinal cord injury, as well as an indicator of the white matter tracts integrity. Therefore, in the final step of this work, we expanded our quantitative analysis to look at the microstructural and macrostructural changes in 15 children with chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) (AIS A-D, mean age of 12.8 ± 3.1 years). This included measurements of SCCSA, diffusion metrics and T2* WM/GM ratio of various white matter tracts in the patient population. We also examined the relationships between all the metrics and the ISNCSCI clinical scores in SCI subjects. We then compared these measurements between the TD and SCI patients to evaluate the diagnostic utility of these techniques and biomarkers. Statistically significant difference was observed between the two populations in the studied metrics. The results show that the proposed techniques may have the potential to be used as surrogate biomarkers for the quantification of the injured spinal cord. Keywords: diffusion tensor imaging, typically developing, spinal cord injury, spinal cord cross-sectional area, fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, axial diffusivity, radial diffusivity.

Quantitative MRI of the Spinal Cord
Quantitative MRI of the Spinal Cord

Author: Julien Cohen-Adad

Publisher: Academic Press

Published: 2014-01-16

Total Pages: 331

ISBN-13: 0123972825

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Quantitative MRI of the Spinal Cord is the first book focused on quantitative MRI techniques with specific application to the human spinal cord. This work includes coverage of diffusion-weighted imaging, magnetization transfer imaging, relaxometry, functional MRI, and spectroscopy. Although these methods have been successfully used in the brain for the past 20 years, their application in the spinal cord remains problematic due to important acquisition challenges (such as small cross-sectional size, motion, and susceptibility artifacts). To date, there is no consensus on how to apply these techniques; this book reviews and synthesizes state-of-the-art methods so users can successfully apply them to the spinal cord. Quantitative MRI of the Spinal Cord introduces the theory behind each quantitative technique, reviews each theory’s applications in the human spinal cord and describes its pros and cons, and suggests a simple protocol for applying each quantitative technique to the spinal cord. Chapters authored by international experts in the field of MRI of the spinal cord Contains “cooking recipes —examples of imaging parameters for each quantitative technique—designed to aid researchers and clinicians in using them in practice Ideal for clinical settings

Multi Spectral Data Analysis for Diagnostic Enhancement of Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury
Multi Spectral Data Analysis for Diagnostic Enhancement of Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury

Author: Mahdi Alizadeh

Publisher:

Published: 2017

Total Pages: 85

ISBN-13:

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A key challenge in the imaging of spinal cord injury (SCI) patients is the ability to accurately determine structural or functional abnormality as well as level and severity of injury. Over the years a substantial number of studies have addressed this issue, however most of them utilized qualitative analysis of the acquired imaging data. Quantitative analysis of patients with SCI is an important issue in both diagnostic and treatment planning. Hence in this work new multispectral magnetic resonance (MR) image based approaches were developed for high-throughput extraction of quantitative features from pediatric spinal cord MR images and subsequent analysis using decision support algorithms. This may potentially improve diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive accuracy between typically developing (TD) pediatric spinal cord subjects and patients with SCI. The technique extracts information from both axial structural MRI images (such as T2-weighted gradient echo images) and functional MRI images (such as diffusion tensor images). The extracted data contains first order statistics (diffusion tensor tractography and histogram based texture descriptors), second order (co-occurrence indices) and high order (wavelet primitives) statistics. MRI data from total of 43 subjects that includes 23 healthy TD subjects with the age range of 6-16 (11.94±3.26 (mean ±standard deviation)) who had no evidence of SCI or pathology and 20 SCI subjects with the age range of 7-16 (11.28±3.00 (mean ±standard deviation)) were recruited and scanned using 3.0T Siemens Verio MR scanner. Standard 4-channel neck matrix and 8-channel spine array RF coils were used for data collection. After data collection various post processing methods were used to improve the data quality. A novel ghost artifact suppression technique was implemented and tested. Initially, 168 quantitative measures of multi-spectral images (functional and structural) were calculated by using regions of interest (ROIs) manually drawn on the whole cord along the entire spinal cord being anatomically localized by an independent board certified neuroradiologist. These measures were then statistically compared between TD and SCI groups using standard least squared linear regression model based on restricted maximum likelihood (REML) method. Statistically, significant changes have been shown in 44 features: 30 features obtained from functional images and 14 features selected from structural images. Also, it has been shown that the quantitative measures of the spinal cord in DTI and T2W-GRE images above and below injury level were altered significantly. Finally, tractography measures were also obtained on a subset of the patients to demonstrate quantitative analysis of the extracted white matter structures. Overall the results show that the proposed techniques may have potential to be used as surrogate biomarkers for detection of the injured spinal cord. These measures enable us to quantify the functional and structural plasticity in chronic SCI and consequently has the potential to improve our understanding of damage and recovery in diseased states of the spinal cord.

Diseases of the Brain, Head and Neck, Spine 2020–2023
Diseases of the Brain, Head and Neck, Spine 2020–2023

Author: Juerg Hodler

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2020-02-14

Total Pages: 252

ISBN-13: 303038490X

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This open access book offers an essential overview of brain, head and neck, and spine imaging. Over the last few years, there have been considerable advances in this area, driven by both clinical and technological developments. Written by leading international experts and teachers, the chapters are disease-oriented and cover all relevant imaging modalities, with a focus on magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography. The book also includes a synopsis of pediatric imaging. IDKD books are rewritten (not merely updated) every four years, which means they offer a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in imaging. The book is clearly structured and features learning objectives, abstracts, subheadings, tables and take-home points, supported by design elements to help readers navigate the text. It will particularly appeal to general radiologists, radiology residents, and interventional radiologists who want to update their diagnostic expertise, as well as clinicians from other specialties who are interested in imaging for their patient care.

Spatially Selective 2D RF Inner Field of View (iFOV) Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging (DKI) of the Pediatric Spinal Cord
Spatially Selective 2D RF Inner Field of View (iFOV) Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging (DKI) of the Pediatric Spinal Cord

Author: Chris J. Conklin

Publisher:

Published: 2015

Total Pages: 118

ISBN-13:

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Magnetic resonance based diffusion imaging has been gaining more utility and clinical relevance over the past decade. Using conventional echo planar techniques it is possible to acquire and characterize water diffusion within the central nervous system (CNS); namely in the form of Diffusion Weighted Imaging (DWI) and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI). While each modality provides valuable clinical information in terms of the presence of diffusion, DWI, and its directionality, DTI, the techniques used for analysis are limited to assuming an ideal Gaussian distribution for water displacement with no intermolecular interactions. This assumption reduces the amount of relevant information that can be interpreted in a clinical setting. By measuring the excess kurtosis, or peakedness, of the Gaussian distribution it is possible to get a better understanding of the underlying cellular structure. The objective of this work is to provide mathematical and experimental evidence that Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging (DKI) can provide additional information about the micromolecular environment of the pediatric spinal cord by more completely characterizing the probabilistic nature of random water displacement. A novel DKI imaging sequence based on a 2D spatially selective radio frequency pulse providing reduced FOV imaging with view angle tilting (VAT) was implemented, optimized on a 3Tesla MRI scanner, and tested on pediatric subjects (normal:15; patients with spinal cord injury:5). Software was developed and validated in-house for post processing of the DKI images and estimation of the tensor parameters. The results show statistically significant differences in kurtosis parameters (mean kurtosis, axial kurtosis) between normal and patients. DKI provides incremental and new information over conventional diffusion acquisitions that can be integrated into clinical protocols when coupled with higher order estimation algorithms.

Pathological and Biomedical Characteristics of Spinal Cord Injury Determined Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Pathological and Biomedical Characteristics of Spinal Cord Injury Determined Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Author: Tsang-Wei Tu

Publisher:

Published: 2011

Total Pages: 125

ISBN-13:

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Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is the most devastating injury that often causes the victim permanent paralysis and undergo a lifetime of therapy and care. It is caused by a mechanical impact that ultimately causes pathophysiological consequences which at this moment in time are an unresolved scientific challenge of great social impact. Scientists have long used animal contusion models to study the pathophysiology of SCI in the discovery of progressive secondary tissue degeneration, demyelination, and apoptosis. More importantly, most therapies that have gone to human clinical trial were first validated in spinal cord contusion models. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the modality of choice to noninvasively detect the soft tissue injury, particularly suitable for assessing the tissue integrity in SCI. However, the convention MRI lacks capability of detecting and evaluating the injury severity acutely, probably resulting in lost opportunities of effective prognostication or treatment stratification for SCI patients. Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DTMRI, DTI) is an emerging technique known to provide dynamic contrast reflecting the progression of the underlying pathology in CNS tissues. In this study, we hypothesized that axial ([lamda][parallel]) and radial ([lambda][perpendicular]) diffusivity derived from DTI is sensitive to the pathological alteration in spinal cord white matter (WM) tract and could be used as potential biomarkers detecting and characterizing the axonal and myelin damage in SCI. A mouse model of contusion SCI was examined using DTI, behavioral assessment, and histology to test our hypothesis. Techniques employed including the simplification of diffusion weighting scheme, the implementation of diffusion weighted multiple spin-echo sequence, and verified for setting up the experimental protocol and data processing procedures. Secondly, the hypothesis was test on the projects comparing the change of these biomarkers on both the myelinated and dysmyelinated shiverer mice cooperating with histological analysis, and behavioral assessment. Finally, a finite element analysis (FEA) of contusion SCI was deployed to provide evidences of injury mechanics correlated with the injury patterns detected by diffusion MRI for a better characterized animal model of contusion SCI.

Characterization of Metal Artifacts in Diffusion Tensor Imaging for Spinal Cord Applications
Characterization of Metal Artifacts in Diffusion Tensor Imaging for Spinal Cord Applications

Author: Devon Middleton

Publisher:

Published: 2013

Total Pages: 56

ISBN-13:

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Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique used to measure in-vivo anisotropic water diffusion. This can give useful information regarding white matter integrity and has the potential to provide important biomarkers in spinal cord injury. One of the largest challenges in DTI of the spinal cord is the presence of metal which causes geometric distortions, signal pile-up, and signal voids. Because most patients with spinal cord injury have some amount of metal hardware implanted for stabilization, it is important to confront issues involving metal as DTI of the spinal cord becomes more widely examined. This study examined the characteristics of metal artifact in DTI images for several spinal surgical implants via imaging of phantoms constructed with implements suspended in agar gel to provide a homogeneous surrounding medium for analysis. A cervical spine phantom implanted with pedicle screws was also used to simulate in-vivo imaging. Optimization of the DTI sequence was also considered using different metal artifact reduction techniques including view-angle-tilting, slice thickness, and field of view size. Minor reduction in metal artifact was achieved using these techniques. The resulting image data shows that imaging near metal may be feasible in some circumstances, particularly when implantation is minimal. Also, using the cervical spine phantom it was shown that it should be possible to acquire DTI data close to the location of metal implants and thus examine DTI values of the injured spinal cord superior to the injury site.

Investigating Spinal Cord Injury at Different Locations on the Spinal Cord Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Investigating Spinal Cord Injury at Different Locations on the Spinal Cord Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging

Author: Haley Nauman

Publisher:

Published: 2023

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13:

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The current study is derived from a larger study by Yao et al. (2019) that attempts to understand if Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) is a good diagnostic tool for distinguishing spinal cord injured (SCI) participants from healthy controls from a structural perspective. Additionally, the study aims to determine whether the DTI parameters and the clinical functional scores of the Spinal Cord Independence Measure (SCIM) improve over time for SCI when rehabilitation is implemented. The current study has the same aims but takes Yao’s work further by dividing cervical SCI participants based on the exact location of injury (i.e., upper and lower cervically injured). Significant difference tests found that SCI participants, especially those with upper cervical injuries, differed from their matched healthy controls at baseline when measuring the Axial Diffusivity (AD) and Fractional Anisotropy (FA) parameters, mainly at spinal scanning locations at the site and surrounding the site of injury. Additionally, this remained true when incorporating follow up visits after rehabilitation. Furthermore, within differences showed some gradual increase to normalcy for SCI participants. The AD and FA parameters also correlated strongly with the SCIM functional measures for lower cervically injured participants. The results of this analysis provide inclinations on how DTI is a useful diagnostic tool for SCI and how changes over time structurally and functionally may be dependent on the exact location of injury. In conclusion, the current study promotes the idea that further research needs to be done using the AD and FA parameters on different injury locations on the spinal cord.