Epistolae Commerciales, Or Commercial Letters, In Five Languages, Viz. Italian, English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese, With Their Respective Idioms Distinctly Pointed Out, Written on Various Interesting Subjects, in the Most Modern Mercantile Style, as Now Practised; All which are Carefully Selected from the Original Letters, as They Stand in the Copy-Books of the Most Eminent and Principal Merchants in Europe, Both at Home and Abroad, and are Here Exhibited Under Fictitious Names of Persons, Times, and Places, &c. The Whole So Methodically Digested as to Serve as Models for a Regular Commercial Correspondence, in All, Or Any of the Above Languages. To which are Added, Mercantile and Maritime Vocabularies, of Each Tongue. Containing All Such Words as are Applicable to Commercial and Naval Affairs, with a Specifical Explanation of the Several Technical Terms Peculiar to Each Tongue, Shewn by Various Examples, Never Before Attempted. The Whole Properly Ranged According to Their Several and Distinct Branches, Compiled from the Works of the Most Eminent Authors, Both Ancient and Modern, with Practical Lessons Thereon, Natural, Idiomatical, and Metaphorical. By Charles Wiseman, Notary Public, and Translator of All the Above Languages

Epistolae Commerciales, Or Commercial Letters, In Five Languages, Viz. Italian, English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese, With Their Respective Idioms Distinctly Pointed Out, Written on Various Interesting Subjects, in the Most Modern Mercantile Style, as Now Practised; All which are Carefully Selected from the Original Letters, as They Stand in the Copy-Books of the Most Eminent and Principal Merchants in Europe, Both at Home and Abroad, and are Here Exhibited Under Fictitious Names of Persons, Times, and Places, &c. The Whole So Methodically Digested as to Serve as Models for a Regular Commercial Correspondence, in All, Or Any of the Above Languages. To which are Added, Mercantile and Maritime Vocabularies, of Each Tongue. Containing All Such Words as are Applicable to Commercial and Naval Affairs, with a Specifical Explanation of the Several Technical Terms Peculiar to Each Tongue, Shewn by Various Examples, Never Before Attempted. The Whole Properly Ranged According to Their Several and Distinct Branches, Compiled from the Works of the Most Eminent Authors, Both Ancient and Modern, with Practical Lessons Thereon, Natural, Idiomatical, and Metaphorical. By Charles Wiseman, Notary Public, and Translator of All the Above Languages

Author: Charles Wiseman

Publisher:

Published: 1779

Total Pages: 426

ISBN-13:

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The World Republic of Letters

The World Republic of Letters

Author: Pascale Casanova

Publisher: Harvard University Press

Published: 2004

Total Pages: 446

ISBN-13: 9780674013452

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The "world of letters" has always seemed a matter more of metaphor than of global reality. In this book, Pascale Casanova shows us the state of world literature behind the stylistic refinements--a world of letters relatively independent from economic and political realms, and in which language systems, aesthetic orders, and genres struggle for dominance. Rejecting facile talk of globalization, with its suggestion of a happy literary "melting pot," Casanova exposes an emerging regime of inequality in the world of letters, where minor languages and literatures are subject to the invisible but implacable violence of their dominant counterparts. Inspired by the writings of Fernand Braudel and Pierre Bourdieu, this ambitious book develops the first systematic model for understanding the production, circulation, and valuing of literature worldwide. Casanova proposes a baseline from which we might measure the newness and modernity of the world of letters--the literary equivalent of the meridian at Greenwich. She argues for the importance of literary capital and its role in giving value and legitimacy to nations in their incessant struggle for international power. Within her overarching theory, Casanova locates three main periods in the genesis of world literature--Latin, French, and German--and closely examines three towering figures in the world republic of letters--Kafka, Joyce, and Faulkner. Her work provides a rich and surprising view of the political struggles of our modern world--one framed by sites of publication, circulation, translation, and efforts at literary annexation.


Polyglot: How I Learn Languages

Polyglot: How I Learn Languages

Author: Kat— Lomb

Publisher: Lulu.com

Published: 2008-01-01

Total Pages: 220

ISBN-13: 1606437062

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KAT LOMB (1909-2003) was one of the great polyglots of the 20th century. A translator and one of the first simultaneous interpreters in the world, Lomb worked in 16 languages for state and business concerns in her native Hungary. She achieved further fame by writing books on languages, interpreting, and polyglots. Polyglot: How I Learn Languages, first published in 1970, is a collection of anecdotes and reflections on language learning. Because Dr. Lomb learned her languages as an adult, after getting a PhD in chemistry, the methods she used will be of particular interest to adult learners who want to master a foreign language.


The Habsburg Monarchy's Many-Languaged Soul

The Habsburg Monarchy's Many-Languaged Soul

Author: Michaela Wolf

Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing Company

Published: 2015-05-28

Total Pages: 309

ISBN-13: 9027268681

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In the years between 1848 and 1918, the Habsburg Empire was an intensely pluricultural space that brought together numerous “nationalities” under constantly changing – and contested – linguistic regimes. The multifaceted forms of translation and interpreting, marked by national struggles and extensive multilingualism, played a crucial role in constructing cultures within the Habsburg space. This book traces translation and interpreting practices in the Empire’s administration, courts and diplomatic service, and takes account of the “habitualized” translation carried out in everyday life. It then details the flows of translation among the Habsburg crownlands and between these and other European languages, with a special focus on Italian–German exchange. Applying a broad concept of “cultural translation” and working with sociological tools, the book addresses the mechanisms by which translation and interpreting constructs cultures, and delineates a model of the Habsburg Monarchy’s “pluricultural space of communication” that is also applicable to other multilingual settings. Published with the support of the Austrian Science Fund (FWF)img src="/logos/fwf-logo.jpg" width=300


Eavesdropping on Hell

Eavesdropping on Hell

Author: Robert J. Hanyok

Publisher: Courier Corporation

Published: 2005-01-01

Total Pages: 226

ISBN-13: 0486481271

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This official government publication investigates the impact of the Holocaust on the Western powers' intelligence-gathering community. It explains the archival organization of wartime records accumulated by the U.S. Army's Signal Intelligence Service and Britain's Government Code and Cypher School. It also summarizes Holocaust-related information intercepted during the war years.


Declining Grammar and Other Essays on the English Vocabulary

Declining Grammar and Other Essays on the English Vocabulary

Author: Dennis E. Baron

Publisher:

Published: 1989

Total Pages: 260

ISBN-13:

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This book contains 25 essays about English words, and how they are defined, valued, and discussed. The book is divided into four sections. The first section, "Language Lore," examines some of the myths and misconceptions that affect attitudes toward language--and towards English in particular. The second section, "Language Usage," examines some specific questions of meaning and usage. Section 3, "Language Trends," examines some controversial trends in English vocabulary, and some developments too new to have received comment before. The fourth section, "Language Politics," treats several aspects of linguistic politics, from special attempts to deal with the ethnic, religious, or sex-specific elements of vocabulary to the broader issues of language both as a reflection of the public consciousness and the U.S. Constitution and as a refuge for the most private forms of expression. (MS)


Scientific Babel

Scientific Babel

Author: Michael D. Gordin

Publisher: University of Chicago Press

Published: 2015-04-13

Total Pages: 424

ISBN-13: 022600032X

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English is the language of science today. No matter which languages you know, if you want your work seen, studied, and cited, you need to publish in English. But that hasn’t always been the case. Though there was a time when Latin dominated the field, for centuries science has been a polyglot enterprise, conducted in a number of languages whose importance waxed and waned over time—until the rise of English in the twentieth century. So how did we get from there to here? How did French, German, Latin, Russian, and even Esperanto give way to English? And what can we reconstruct of the experience of doing science in the polyglot past? With Scientific Babel, Michael D. Gordin resurrects that lost world, in part through an ingenious mechanism: the pages of his highly readable narrative account teem with footnotes—not offering background information, but presenting quoted material in its original language. The result is stunning: as we read about the rise and fall of languages, driven by politics, war, economics, and institutions, we actually see it happen in the ever-changing web of multilingual examples. The history of science, and of English as its dominant language, comes to life, and brings with it a new understanding not only of the frictions generated by a scientific community that spoke in many often mutually unintelligible voices, but also of the possibilities of the polyglot, and the losses that the dominance of English entails. Few historians of science write as well as Gordin, and Scientific Babel reveals his incredible command of the literature, language, and intellectual essence of science past and present. No reader who takes this linguistic journey with him will be disappointed.