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The settlers of New Netherland were obligated to uphold religious toleration as a legal right by the Dutch Republic's founding document, the 1579 Union of Utrecht, which stated that "everyone shall remain free in religion and that no one may be persecuted or investigated because of religion." For early American historians this statement, unique in the world at its time, lies at the root of American pluralism. New Netherland and the Dutch Origins of American Religious Liberty offers a new reading of the way tolerance operated in colonial America. Using sources in several languages and looking at laws and ideas as well as their enforcement and resistance, Evan Haefeli shows that, although tolerance as a general principle was respected in the colony, there was a pronounced struggle against it in practice. Crucial to the fate of New Netherland were the changing religious and political dynamics within the English empire. In the end, Haefeli argues, the most crucial factor in laying the groundwork for religious tolerance in colonial America was less what the Dutch did than their loss of the region to the English at a moment when the English were unusually open to religious tolerance. This legacy, often overlooked, turns out to be critical to the history of American religious diversity. By setting Dutch America within its broader imperial context, New Netherland and the Dutch Origins of American Religious Liberty offers a comprehensive and nuanced history of a conflict integral to the histories of the Dutch republic, early America, and religious tolerance.
The True Story of Piracy on the Spanish Main. This is the incredible true story of piracy in the Caribbean, proof positive that fact is stranger than fiction. From the moment the English established their first tiny colonies in the New World, semi-legal pirates took on the might of the Spanish Empire. The lure of Spanish gold was so strong that French and Dutch privateers soon joined them. Sometimes licensed by governments, but often not, desperate gangs of cut-throats dominated the Caribbean throughout the seventeenth century. Led by ruthless captains, they wrested many of the key islands from Spanish control, then fought each other for the region's strategic bases. Most notoriously, the 'brethren of the coast' established the pirate port of Tortuga, the infamous city of crime. From Piet Heyn's capture of the entire Spanish treasure fleet in 1628, to Henry Morgan's sack of Panama, this was the Age of the Bucaneers. This epic story continued up to the destruction of the pirates' lair of Port Royal by an earthquake in 1692 -- recognised at the time as the judgement of God. . . International treaties at the end of the century brought this dramatic era to a close, by which time the division of the Caribbean among European powers was complete. And a legend had been born.
This book examines how migration and mobility were controlled, supported, and restricted in early modern Europe and European colonies. The aim of the book is to investigate how different actors, such as rulers, regional lords, local authorities, and corporations tried to regulate different forms of mobility and how those on the move reacted to these attempts. The book examines the agency of both the authorities and the migrants, shifting focus between the macro and the micro level. The chapters will also illuminate the ways gender, religion, language, ethnicity, occupation, and socioeconomic status were entangled in the regulations concerning mobility. Control of migration is inextricably linked with power relations. In this book, mobility is seen as a wide social process, which covers daily or seasonal movement as well as less or more stable migration.
This book represents one of the very first detailed and comprehensive historical treatises on globes terrestrial and celestial in English language since the numerous works published before its appearance tended to give only a very general consideration to the uses of globes, including a reference to their important structural features, and to the problems geographical and astronomical in the solution of which they may be counted of service. The aim of this study was to treat the subject historically, beginning with the earliest references to the belief in a spherical earth and a spherical firmament encircling it, and it was inspired by the author's hope that the preliminary study may lead to a number of independent and thorough investigations of important individual examples, to the end of clearly setting forth their great documentary value._x000D_ Volume 1:_x000D_ Terrestrial Globes in Antiquity_x000D_ Celestial Globes in Antiquity_x000D_ Globes Constructed by the Arabs_x000D_ Terrestrial and Celestial Globes in the Christian Middle Ages_x000D_ Globes Constructed in the Early Years of the Great Geographical Discoveries_x000D_ Globes of the Early Sixteenth Century_x000D_ Globes of the Second Quarter of the Sixteenth Century_x000D_ Globes and Globe Makers of the Third Quarter of the Sixteenth Century_x000D_ Globes and Globe Makers of the Last Quarter of the Sixteenth Century_x000D_ Volume 2:_x000D_ Globes and Globe Makers of the Early Seventeenth Century. The Dutch Scientific Masters and Their Preeminent Leadership_x000D_ Globes of the Second Half of the Seventeenth Century_x000D_ Globes and Globe Makers of the First Half of the Eighteenth Century – from Delisle to Ferguson_x000D_ Globes and Globe Makers of the Second Half of the Eighteenth Century_x000D_ The Technic of Globe Construction – Materials and Methods
