Pinus is one of the most widely distributed genera of trees in the northern hemisphere, extending from the polar region to the tropics and including Central and North America, Europe and Asia. It is also one of the most widely planted exotics for timber and pulp purposes and large areas of pine are therefore found outside their natural range in South America, Africa and Australasia. In addition to their use for wood, pine trees are a valuable source of non-wood forest products: they can be tapped for resin, which can then be distilled to produce gum turpentine and gum rosin. Gum Naval Stores: Turpentine and Rosin from Pine Resin provides information on the technical and economic aspects of pine resin production including the tapping of trees and the distillation of the resin. It also reviews recent trends in world production and markets for gum turpentine and gum rosin. The book is intended for prospective new producers of turpentine and rosin, and for organizations and individuals appraising projects involving their production. It is particularly intended for those in developing countries.
Pines are known to mankind from the time immemorial. It offers both direct uses, as well as indirect uses specially soil conservation. Initially it was used mainly for fuel; their branches were used for festivals etc. Pines besides being a source of valuable timber, pulpwood, yield pitch, tar, rosin, colophony and turpentine, collectively known as naval stores, a term coined to these owning to their use for construction and maintenance of sailing vessels as sealing compounds for their wooden hulls. The genius pine species tapped for their oleoresin in different countries. A variety of oleoresins are extracted from various plants. Pine oleoresin being the most important one is extracted from pine trees. Turpentine and rosin are two constituent parts of the pine oleoresins. The composition of turpentine varies considerably according to the species of pine exploited. More and more specialised uses are being found for pine resin products, particularly those of high quality. Turpentine derived from pine resin is also used as a source of aroma chemicals in flavour and fragrance industry. Pinewood chemicals are effectively gained from the trees in three principal ways; treatment of exuded gum from living pines, processing the wood stumps and wastes of aged trees and treatment of black liquor obtained as a byproduct in wood pulp industry. There are two steps involved in production of oleoresin; olustee gum cleaning process and recovery of turpentine and rosin: batch and continuous process. The panorama of base catalysed isomerisations of terpenes is an important part of aroma chemistry. Major contributions in this area are presented here under sections on hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, acids, esters and epoxides. Tall oil is a by product of the pine wood use to make sulfate pulp. Tall oil products find use in many product applications because of their economy and ready availability. The principal industrial applications of tall oil products are numerous; adhesives, carbon paper, detergents, driers, drilling fluids, oils, gloss oils, paper size, plasticizers, printing inks, soaps, textile oils etc. Some of the fundamentals are pine oleoresin extraction methods, occurrence, formation and exudation of oleoresin in pines, processing of oleoresin, rosin derivatives and its potential, new developments in rosin ester and dimer chemistry, terpene based adhesives, effect of solvent, ozone concentration and temperature on yields were investigated, sylvestrene and some of its derivatives, homopolymers and copolymers of acrylates, polymers and copolymers of vinyl pinolate, base catalysed isomerisations of terpenes, components of pine roots, insecticides based on turpentine, the general characteristics of dimer acids, structure and properties of dimer acids etc. The present book has been published having in views the important uses of pines. The book contains manufacturing process of different products extracted from pines like oleoresin, rosin, turpentine derivatives, tall oil, resins and dimer acids etc. This is the first book of its kind which is very resourceful for all from researchers to professionals. 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Wood as found in trees and bushes was of primary importance to ancient humans in their struggle to control their environment. Subsequent evolution through the Bronze and Iron Ages up to our present technologically advanced society has hardly diminished the importance of wood. Today, its role as a source of paper products, furniture, building materials, and fuel is still of major significance. Wood consists of a mixture of polymers, often referred to as lignocellulose. The cellulose micro fibrils consist of an immensely strong, linear polymer of glucose. They are associated with smaller, more complex polymers composed of various sugars called hemicelluloses. These polysaccharides are embedded in an amorphous phenylpropane polymer, lignin, creating a remarkably strong com posite structure, the lignocellulosic cell wall. Wood also contains materials that are largely extraneous to this lignocellulosic cell wall. These extracellular substances can range from less than 1070 to about 35% of the dry weight of the wood, but the usual range is 2% -10%. Among these components are the mineral constituents, salts of calcium, potassium, sodium, and other metals, particularly those present in the soil where the tree is growing. Some of the extraneous components of wood are too insoluble to be ex tracted by inert solvents and remain to give extractive-free wood its color; very often these are high-molecular-weight polyphenolics.
Offering a unique perspective summarizing research on this timely important topic around the globe, this book provides comprehensive coverage of how molecular biomass can be transformed into sustainable polymers. It critically discusses and compares a few classes of biomass - oxygen-rich, hydrocarbon-rich, hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon (including carbon dioxide) as well as natural polymers - and equally includes products that are already commercialized. A must-have for both newcomers to the field as well as established researchers in both academia and industry.
A highly practical approach to occupational dermatoses combined with the skill and experience of specialists in clinical and experimental dermatology. Great care is taken throughout to provide the information urgently needed for daily patient management, with concise tables, algorithms, and figures on how to optimise the diagnostic procedure for high-quality patient care and expert opinion. This handbook provides the relevant job descriptions, job-specific diagnostic algorithms and a detailed description of allergens and irritants such that readers can master even difficult and unusual problems in occupational dermatology.
