Flying and Fighting in Cyberspace
Flying and Fighting in Cyberspace

Author: Sebastian M. Convertino II, Sebastian MConvertino Ii Lieutenant , USAF

Publisher:

Published: 2011-11-01

Total Pages: 90

ISBN-13: 9781467934459

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On 5 December 2005, the Air Force expanded its mission to include a new domain of war fighting: "to fly and fight in Air, Space, and Cyberspace." When the Air Force claimed cyberspace as part of its mission, it not only acknowledged the changing terrain of conflict and a shift in tactics of would-be adversaries but also surprised many in uniform who wondered what the move implied. By changing its mission statement, the Air Force sparked considerable debate on the extent to which cyberspace would dominate roles, missions, and the budget. To organize for this task, the Air Force established a new operational command for cyberspace on 6 September 2006, designating Eighth Air Force as the new Cyber Command. The Air Force has determined that cyberspace is fundamental to every aspect of war fighting at all levels of operations, and it is seriously engaged in developing cyber capabilities. However, the study's authors argue that the Air Force needs to clearly articulate what Airmen do in cyberspace and how they do it as war fighters. Furthermore, the long lead time to formalize and standardize cyberspace operating concepts and definitions recognizes the complexity and a of cyberspace as a military operational domain. It also has resulted in a lack of conceptual and doctrinal clarity and consensus on the ends, ways, and means of operating in cyberspace, as well as an unfocused foundation upon which to plan strategy, build and organize forces, and find resources. The study contends that before the Air Force can lead in cyberspace, it must first understand cyber conditions, threats, and vulnerabilities, and clearly define how and where it can contribute to national cyberspace strategy. Furthermore, the Air Force must work toward consensus within the defense community on standardizing cyberspace definitions, doctrine, and operating concepts. Until these issues are fully addressed, the authors contend that the ability of the Air Force to develop, deliver, and employ sovereign and advantageous cyber operations will remain encumbered. In support of Eighth Air Force requirements and the new Cyber Command, the study concludes with critical recomiv mendations to enable the Air Force to effectively "fly and fight" in cyberspace: 1. The Air Force needs a clearly articulated cyberspace operating concept, hardware and software tools, and a dedicated, trained Cyber Warfare Corps. 2. The Air Force should clearly define and distinguish the military operations and effects it expects to achieve with the signals, data, information, knowledge, and intelligence flowing through and resident in cyberspace. 3. The Air Force should understand the current US cyber situation, including cyber conditions, threats, and vulnerabilities. 4. The Air Force should select and systematically apply a methodology sensitive to the technology and transformation forces flowing from the information revolution in order to successfully plan strategy, build and organize forces, and resource its actions in cyberspace. 5. The Air Force should institutionalize "cyber-mindedness" and organize innovatively to successfully build capability and capacity for operating in cyberspace. This study argues that these actions, taken together, will go a long way toward enabling war fighters to plan and execute cyber tasks, apply cyber capabilities, and integrate operations in cyberspace with military capabilities executed in the traditional war-fighting domains. As with all other Maxwell Papers, this study is provided in the spirit of academic freedom and is open to debate and serious discussion of issues. We encourage your response.

USAF Cyberspace Command: To Fly and Fight in Cyberspace
USAF Cyberspace Command: To Fly and Fight in Cyberspace

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 2008

Total Pages: 14

ISBN-13:

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We are a nation at war. Our military is engaged in a fight against groups and individuals who follow an ideology that has as its fundamental tenets a hostility toward our people, our beliefs, and our values. Airmen, Soldiers, Sailors, Marines, and representatives from across our government who are engaged in this bitter fight will emerge with perspectives shaped by their experiences in combat against extremists who use terror as their primary weapon to achieve their objectives. And we are also at war in cyberspace -- a relatively new domain that, like air and space, crosses military, civilian, economic, and especially information aspects of our national interests. We have already witnessed and experienced hostile incursions in cyberspace. Nothing demonstrates the contested nature of cyberspace more than how its capabilities were used to support physical attacks on our governmental and financial infrastructures on 9/11. Encrypted communications and cellular phones were used for the first attacks on the World Trade Center buildings in 1993. Aided by computer-based flight simulators, hijackers trained, planned, and funded a more successful attack. The attacks against the World Trade Center in New York had, as a secondary objective, the catastrophic degradation of the financial information upon which a large segment of the United States' economy depends.

Air Force Cyber Command (provisional) Decision Support
Air Force Cyber Command (provisional) Decision Support

Author: Rich Mesic

Publisher: RAND Corporation

Published: 2010

Total Pages: 40

ISBN-13:

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Because cyberspace can affect core missions and capabilities, it seems obvious that the Air Force should take steps to establish an organization to address this medium. The details have been difficult to establish, however, because this medium is very different from air and space. The Air Force initially instituted a provisional major command and but has since instead replaced it with a numbered air force, the 24th Air Force, under Space Command. The authors have been involved in efforts to make the missions, tasks, and capabilities of such a command more concrete. Here, they offer observations originally intended for the major command but that apply equally well to the efforts of 24th Air Force: the needs to articulate objectives clearly; establish strategies, missions, and tasks; and develop people capable of ensuring that USAF-specific needs are met. The Air Force must also consider that cyber-related responsibilities spread across the military and other government agencies. But to expand its mission to [beta]fly and fight in cyberspace, [gamma] the Air Force should also advance the state of the art in creating effects using cyberspace.

Flying and Fighting in Cyberspace - Implications for Command and Control, Network Operations, and ISR, Threat Agent Profiles, Mapping of Enemy Systems and Data, Cyber Attack and Defense, Funding
Flying and Fighting in Cyberspace - Implications for Command and Control, Network Operations, and ISR, Threat Agent Profiles, Mapping of Enemy Systems and Data, Cyber Attack and Defense, Funding

Author: U. S. Military

Publisher:

Published: 2017-04-08

Total Pages: 96

ISBN-13: 9781521022146

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This research paper develops the foundation for a new military operating concept to "fight the net" in support of 8th Air Force requirements and stand-up as the new Cyber Command. It applies the Air Force Concept Development framework to examine cyberspace as a newly designated warfare domain, and proposes cyber capabilities and effects that the Air Force should develop and apply as it seeks to execute its mission in cyberspace. Before the Air Force can effectively lead in the cyber domain, it must first fully characterize cyber conditions, threats, and vulnerabilities, and clearly define how and where it can contribute to the national cyberspace strategy. Once the Air Force accomplishes these tasks, it can then focus on the nature of war in the cyber domain and consider the implications for military doctrine and operations. In order to successfully build capability and capacity for operating in cyberspace, the Air Force needs to institutionalize "cyber-mindedness" to underpin organizational, research and development, and human capital investments that the Air Force needs "to fly and fight" effectively in cyberspace.THE CYBER DILEMMA * Bounding the Cyberspace Domain * Requirement for a New Framework * Physical Attributes * Domain Differentiation: Cyber versus Information Operations in Cyberspace * Broad Implications for Joint Military Operating Concepts * Effects in Cyberspace * Implications for Command and Control, Network Operations, and ISR * A New Military Problem and New Solutions * Missions that Assure Operations in Cyberspace * Time Horizon, Assumptions, and Risks * Relevance and Concluding Thoughts * THE U.S. CYBER SITUATION - THE PERFECT STORM? * Current Conditions in the Cyber Domain * Information Infrastructure and Critical Infrastructure * Existing "Weather Fronts" - Cyber Threat Agents * Threat and Threat Agent Defined * Threat Agent Profiles * Strong Tropical Disturbance Feeding Energy to the Weather Fronts a.k.a. Cyber Vulnerabilities * Battling the Simultaneously Challenging Winds of Change * U.S. National Strategic Way Ahead * National Strategy * Government Report Card * The Air Force and the Cyber Domain * THE CYBERSPACE DOMAIN OF WAR * Conduct of War in Cyberspace * The Classics * The American Way of War * Military Operational Design * The Role of Technology * Principles and Functions of War * OPERATING IN CYBERSPACE * Intrinsic Characteristics as a Unique Combat Domain * Broader Span of Effects * Surgical Precision * Stealthy/Low Probability of Detection * Non-attribution/Untraceable * Cyber Capabilities * Cyber ISR * Target System Identification and Profiling * Access and Installation of a Persistent Presence * Mapping of Enemy Systems and Data * Analyzing Adversary Capabilities * Determining Adversary Intentions * Attack/Retaliatory Strike Planning * Cyber Defense * Protection from Attack * Attack Detection and Attribution * Automated Attack Responses and Operator Alerts * Self-healing of Systems and Networks * Rapid Recovery after Attack * Cyber Attack * Cyber Attack Authorization * Disruption of Adversary C2 Systems, Processes, and Data * Denying Access to Adversary Systems and Data * Degrading Adversary System Performance * Destruction of Adversary Data, Computers, Networks * Cyberspace Effects * Cyber ISR * Cyber Defense * Cyber Attack * RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE WAY AHEAD * Methodology * Cyberspace and the Revolution in Military Affairs Debate * Revolution in Military Affairs Defined * So What? * Cyberspace Operations as a Mission Capability Package * Critical Factors * Constituting a Cyber Warfare Corps * Training for Cyber Combat * Organizing Cyber Forces * Cyber Weapon Funding * CONCLUDING THOUGHTS * BIBLIOGRAPHY

Developing Cyberspace Competencies for Air Force Professional Military Education
Developing Cyberspace Competencies for Air Force Professional Military Education

Author:

Publisher:

Published: 2007

Total Pages: 35

ISBN-13:

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In December, 2005, the USAF added cyberspace as a domain of operations to its mission statement "fly and fight in air, space and cyberspace". In November, 2006, the CSAF announced the designation of 8th Air Force as the Air Force Cyber Command (AFCYBER) and charged 8AF with developing a plan for organizing, training and equipping a cyber force. Further, the Chief signaled his intent to redefine airpower" by focusing on integrating USAF capabilities in air, space, and cyberspace. These events necessitate a cultural change that will impact all AF members. All airmen (to include guard, reserve and civilians) must understand the cyberspace domain and how the US uses it to protect national power and deliver sovereign options for the Commander in Chief.

Essential Guide to Air Force Cyberspace
Essential Guide to Air Force Cyberspace

Author: U S Military

Publisher:

Published: 2019-07-25

Total Pages: 192

ISBN-13: 9781082713231

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This unique book reproduces four important government documents and reports dealing with the scientific and technical angle of flying, fighting and winning in cyberspace. The four books: 50 Cyber Questions Every Airman Can Answer, Airpower Lessons for an Air Force Cyber-Power Targeting Theory, For and from Cyberspace - Conceptualizing Cyber Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance, and USCYBERCOM.What is Cyberspace? Author William Gibson coined the term cyberspace by combining cybernetics and space into the term cyberspace in his 1982 story "Burning Chrome" and popularized it is his 1984 novel Neuromancer. Gibson described cyberspace as "a consensual hallucination experienced daily by billions... A graphic representation of data abstracted from banks of every computer in the human system. Unthinkable complexity. Lines of light ranged in the non-space of the mind, clusters and constellations of data."In the minds of many, cyberspace became synonymous to the Internet. In September 2006, the Joint Chiefs of Staff endorsed a definition of cyberspace as "a domain characterized by the use of electronics and the electromagnetic spectrum to store, modify and exchange data via networked systems and associated physical infrastructures." We dissect this definition to derive the scientific basis of its intent. The word "domain" instead of "environment" carries legal implications under the laws of armed conflict. "Electronics and the electromagnetic spectrum" refer to the wave-particle duality of radiation which, when modulated with information, creates a signal. "Data and networked systems" refer to digital information and application programs, and the computers and networks on which they exist, in other words data and applications, at rest and in motion. For warfare purposes, we derive a working definition of cyberspace as "a domain in which signals hold at risk intelligent systems." This definition recognizes three components to cyberspace: (1) the "effectors" encompass a broad range of signal-borne threats, analog and digital; (2) the "medium" enables effectors to access the targets, wired and wireless, hardware and software; and (3) the "targets" include weapons and systems that use computers or networks.

Cyber Threat Awareness for the Air Force Warfighter - Benefits to Educating USAF Fighter Aircrew, Recent Incorporation Into Red Flag Exercises, Mobile Roadshows Visiting Combat Air Forces Squadrons
Cyber Threat Awareness for the Air Force Warfighter - Benefits to Educating USAF Fighter Aircrew, Recent Incorporation Into Red Flag Exercises, Mobile Roadshows Visiting Combat Air Forces Squadrons

Author: U S Military

Publisher:

Published: 2019-08-03

Total Pages: 62

ISBN-13: 9781087246734

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The United States Air Force has placed increasing emphasis on cyber in recent years, but most of this has been on defending network operations and information technology infrastructure. However, the aircraft used to deliver weapons in combat operations would also be a logical target of cyber operations by our adversaries. If aircraft can be targeted or are vulnerable to cyber threats, then operators should be aware of these threats. This paper explores to what extent cyber threat education can help bridge the gap between aircraft operators and cyber experts in order to mitigate risks to Air Force missions. The resulting research demonstrates there are benefits to educating warfighters, specifically fighter aircrew, on cyber to mitigate the potential risks cyber threats pose. Several recommendations on how to accomplish cyber threat education for the warfighter are presented.This compilation includes a reproduction of the 2019 Worldwide Threat Assessment of the U.S. Intelligence Community.The United States Air Force has placed increasing emphasis on cyber during the past decade. In 2005, the Air Force codified the importance of cyberspace by including it in the service's mission statement - Fly, Fight and Win...in Air, Space and Cyberspace. Additionally, the Department of Defense (DoD) stood up USCYBERCOM in 2010, a new sub-unified command focused on cyber. These are significant steps towards grappling with cyber challenges in the military, but most of the initial focus has been on defending network operations and information technology (IT) infrastructure with limited progress on how cyber threats can affect weapons systems such as aircraft. Given the DoD's reliance on computer networks, this network-centric approach to cyber threats is understandable. However, aircraft that deliver weapons in combat operations are also logical targets of cyber operations by our adversaries. Examining cyber threats to aircraft is an example of what Maj Gen Vautrinot, former 24 AF/CC, was referring to when she wrote that the "emphasis is on supporting operational missions dependent on cyberspace" and "the focus is on the mission, not the network." Joint Publication 1-02 defines cyberspace as "a global domain...consisting of the interdependent network of IT infrastructures and resident data, including the Internet, telecommunications networks, computer systems, and embedded processors and controllers." Modern fighter aircraft have many "embedded processors and controllers" that are susceptible to cyber threats. If aircraft are vulnerable to cyber threats, then operators should be aware of these potential threats. This paper seeks to explore to what extent cyber threat education for the warfighter can help bridge the gap between aircraft operators and cyber experts in order to mitigate risks to Air Force missions. The resulting research will demonstrate that there are benefits to educating warfighters, specifically fighter aircrew, on the potential risks cyber threats pose so they can be mitigated. Several recommendations on how to accomplish cyber threat education for the warfighter are presented.

CYBERWARFARE SOURCEBOOK
CYBERWARFARE SOURCEBOOK

Author: A. Kiyuna

Publisher: Lulu.com

Published: 2015-04-14

Total Pages: 312

ISBN-13: 1329063945

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Concerning application layer DDoS attacks, Bureau 121, camfecting, cyber attack threat trends, ECHELON, Fifth Dimension Operations, Intervasion of the UK, Military-digital complex, PLA Unit 61398, Stuxnet, and more

Studies Combined: Cyber Warfare In Cyberspace - National Defense, Workforce And Legal Issues
Studies Combined: Cyber Warfare In Cyberspace - National Defense, Workforce And Legal Issues

Author:

Publisher: Jeffrey Frank Jones

Published: 2018-01-18

Total Pages: 2822

ISBN-13:

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Just a sample of the contents ... contains over 2,800 total pages .... PROSPECTS FOR THE RULE OF LAW IN CYBERSPACE Cyberwarfare and Operational Art CYBER WARFARE GOVERNANCE: EVALUATION OF CURRENT INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS ON THE OFFENSIVE USE OF CYBER Cyber Attacks and the Legal Justification for an Armed Response UNTYING OUR HANDS: RECONSIDERING CYBER AS A SEPARATE INSTRUMENT OF NATIONAL POWER Effects-Based Operations in the Cyber Domain Recommendations for Model-Driven Paradigms for Integrated Approaches to Cyber Defense MILLENNIAL WARFARE IGNORING A REVOLUTION IN MILITARY AFFAIRS: THE NEED TO CREATE A SEPARATE BRANCH OF THE ARMED FORCES FOR CYBER WARFARE SPECIAL OPERATIONS AND CYBER WARFARE LESSONS FROM THE FRONT: A CASE STUDY OF RUSSIAN CYBER WARFARE ADAPTING UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE DOCTRINE TO CYBERSPACE OPERATIONS: AN EXAMINATION OF HACKTIVIST BASED INSURGENCIES Addressing Human Factors Gaps in Cyber Defense Airpower History and the Cyber Force of the Future How Organization for the Cyber Domain Outpaced Strategic Thinking and Forgot the Lessons of the Past THE COMMAND OF THE TREND: SOCIAL MEDIA AS A WEAPON IN THE INFORMATION AGE SPYING FOR THE RIGHT REASONS: CONTESTED NORMS IN CYBERSPACE AIR FORCE CYBERWORX REPORT: REMODELING AIR FORCE CYBER COMMAND & CONTROL THE CYBER WAR: MAINTAINING AND CONTROLLING THE “KEY CYBER TERRAIN” OF THE CYBERSPACE DOMAIN WHEN NORMS FAIL: NORTH KOREA AND CYBER AS AN ELEMENT OF STATECRAFT AN ANTIFRAGILE APPROACH TO PREPARING FOR CYBER CONFLICT AIR FORCE CYBER MISSION ASSURANCE SOURCES OF MISSION UNCERTAINTY Concurrency Attacks and Defenses Cyber Workforce Retention Airpower Lessons for an Air Force Cyber-Power Targeting ¬Theory IS BRINGING BACK WARRANT OFFICERS THE ANSWER? A LOOK AT HOW THEY COULD WORK IN THE AIR FORCE CYBER OPERATIONS CAREER FIELD NEW TOOLS FOR A NEW TERRAIN AIR FORCE SUPPORT TO SPECIAL OPERATIONS IN THE CYBER ENVIRONMENT Learning to Mow Grass: IDF Adaptations to Hybrid Threats CHINA’S WAR BY OTHER MEANS: UNVEILING CHINA’S QUEST FOR INFORMATION DOMINANCE THE ISLAMIC STATE’S TACTICS IN SYRIA: ROLE OF SOCIAL MEDIA IN SHIFTING A PEACEFUL ARAB SPRING INTO TERRORISM NON-LETHAL WEAPONS: THE KEY TO A MORE AGGRESSIVE STRATEGY TO COMBAT TERRORISM THOUGHTS INVADE US: LEXICAL COGNITION AND CYBERSPACE The Cyber Threat to Military Just-In-Time Logistics: Risk Mitigation and the Return to Forward Basing PROSPECTS FOR THE RULE OF LAW IN CYBERSPACE Cyberwarfare and Operational Art CYBER WARFARE GOVERNANCE: EVALUATION OF CURRENT INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS ON THE OFFENSIVE USE OF CYBER Cyber Attacks and the Legal Justification for an Armed Response UNTYING OUR HANDS: RECONSIDERING CYBER AS A SEPARATE INSTRUMENT OF NATIONAL POWER Effects-Based Operations in the Cyber Domain Recommendations for Model-Driven Paradigms for Integrated Approaches to Cyber Defense MILLENNIAL WARFARE IGNORING A REVOLUTION IN MILITARY AFFAIRS: THE NEED TO CREATE A SEPARATE BRANCH OF THE ARMED FORCES FOR CYBER WARFARE SPECIAL OPERATIONS AND CYBER WARFARE LESSONS FROM THE FRONT: A CASE STUDY OF RUSSIAN CYBER WARFARE ADAPTING UNCONVENTIONAL WARFARE DOCTRINE TO CYBERSPACE OPERATIONS: AN EXAMINATION OF HACKTIVIST BASED INSURGENCIES Addressing Human Factors Gaps in Cyber Defense Airpower History and the Cyber Force of the Future How Organization for the Cyber Domain Outpaced Strategic Thinking and Forgot the Lessons of the Past THE COMMAND OF THE TREND: SOCIAL MEDIA AS A WEAPON IN THE INFORMATION AGE SPYING FOR THE RIGHT REASONS: CONTESTED NORMS IN CYBERSPACE AIR FORCE CYBERWORX REPORT: REMODELING AIR FORCE CYBER COMMAND & CONTROL THE CYBER WAR: MAINTAINING AND CONTROLLING THE “KEY CYBER TERRAIN” OF THE CYBERSPACE DOMAIN WHEN NORMS FAIL: NORTH KOREA AND CYBER AS AN ELEMENT OF STATECRAFT AN ANTIFRAGILE APPROACH TO PREPARING FOR CYBER CONFLICT AIR FORCE CYBER MISSION ASSURANCE SOURCES OF MISSION UNCERTAINTY Concurrency Attacks and Defenses Cyber Workforce Retention