Unsettled Issues in Remote Operation for On-road Driving Automation
Unsettled Issues in Remote Operation for On-road Driving Automation

Author: Sven Beiker

Publisher: SAE International

Published: 2021-12-15

Total Pages: 32

ISBN-13: 1468604155

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On-road vehicles equipped with driving automation features—where a human might not be needed for operation on-board—are entering the mainstream public space. However, questions like “How safe is safe enough?” and “What to do if the system fails?” persist. This is where remote operation comes in, which is an additional layer to the automated driving system where a human remotely assists the so-called “driverless” vehicle in certain situations. Such remote-operation solutions introduce additional challenges and potential risks as the entire vehicle-network-human now needs to work together safely, effectively, and practically. Unsettled Issues in Remote Operation for On-road Driving Automation highlights technical questions (e.g., network latency, bandwidth, cyber security) and human aspects (e.g., workload, attentiveness, situational awareness) of remote operation and introduces evolving solutions. The report also discusses standards development and regulations—both of which are needed to provide frameworks for the deployment of driving automation with remote operation. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio. https://doi.org/10.4271/EPR2021028

Next-generation Sensors for Automated Road Vehicles
Next-generation Sensors for Automated Road Vehicles

Author: Sven Beiker

Publisher: SAE International

Published: 2023-02-20

Total Pages: 26

ISBN-13: 1468605615

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This follow-up report to the inaugural SAE EDGE Research Report on “Unsettled Topics Concerning Sensors for Automated Road Vehicles” reviews the progress made in automated vehicle (AV) sensors over the past four to five years. Additionally, it addresses persistent disagreement and confusion regarding certain terms for describing sensors, the different strengths and shortcomings of particular sensors, and procedures regarding how to specify and evaluate them. Next-gen Automated Road Vehicle Sensors summarizes current trends and debates (e.g., sensor fusion, embedded AI, simulation) as well as future directions and needs. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio. https://doi.org/10.4271/EPR2023003

Towards a Zero-Emissions and Digitalized Transport Sector
Towards a Zero-Emissions and Digitalized Transport Sector

Author: Ellen J. Eftestøl

Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing

Published: 2024-09-06

Total Pages: 309

ISBN-13: 1035321467

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Bringing together an interdisciplinary team of contributors, this book tackles the legal, logistical and supply chain challenges facing the transport sector in the context of climate change and technological development. In particular, it focuses on the European Union, which has placed a strong emphasis on ensuring future sustainability. This title contains one or more Open Access chapters.

Unsettled Issues Concerning Automated Driving Services in the Smart City Infrastructure
Unsettled Issues Concerning Automated Driving Services in the Smart City Infrastructure

Author: Serge Lambermont

Publisher: SAE International

Published: 2021-12-15

Total Pages: 30

ISBN-13: 1468604201

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Information and communication technology is fundamentally changing the way we live and operate in cities, such as instant access to events, transportation, bookings, payments, and other services. At the same time, three “megatrends” in the automotive industry—self-driving, electrification, and advanced manufacturing technology—are enabling the design of innovative, application-specific vehicles that capitalize on city connectivity. Applications could countless; however, they also need to be safe and securely integrated into a city’s physical and digital infrastructure, and into the overall urban ecosystem. Unsettled Issues Concerning Automated Driving Services in the Smart City Infrastructure examines the current state of the industry, the developments in automated driving and robotics, and how these new urban, self-driving city applications are different. It also analyzes higher level challenges for urban applications. Ultimately, this report includes several options for sharing lessons learned among different cities and their stakeholders. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio. https://doi.org/10.4271/EPR2021030

Two Approaches to Mobility Engineering
Two Approaches to Mobility Engineering

Author: Sven Beiker

Publisher: SAE International

Published: 2024-06-17

Total Pages: 24

ISBN-13: 1468608266

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What are the differences between the traditional automotive companies and “new mobility” players—and even more importantly, who will win? Those are the questions that this report discusses, taking a particular focus on engineering aspects in the automotive/mobility sector and addressing issues regarding innovation, business, market, and regulation Two Approaches to Mobility Engineering was developed with input from nearly 20 industry experts from new and established companies to gain an overview of the intricacies of newcomers and incumbents, to see where the industry stands, and to provide an outlook on where the sector is headed. It provides recommendations as to what respective players should do to master their future and stay at the forefront of mobility innovation. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio. https://doi.org/10.4271/EPR2024013

Developing the Role of the System Software Integrator to Mitigate Digital Infrastructure Vulnerabilities
Developing the Role of the System Software Integrator to Mitigate Digital Infrastructure Vulnerabilities

Author: Bart Kemper

Publisher: SAE International

Published: 2023-11-22

Total Pages: 28

ISBN-13: 1468607154

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Traditional physical infrastructure increasingly relies upon software. Yet, 75% of software projects fail in budget by 46% and schedule by 82%. While other systems generally have a “responsible-in-charge” (RIC) professional, the implementation of a similar system of accountability in software is not settled. This is a major concern, as the consequences of software failure can be a matter of life-or-death. Further, there has been a 742% average annual increase in software supply chain attacks on increasingly used open-source software over the past three years, which can cost up to millions of dollars per incident. Developing the Role of the System Software Integrator to Mitigate Digital Infrastructure Vulnerabilities discusses the verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification needed to vet systems before implementation and the continued maintenance measures required over the lifespan of software-integrated assets. It also proposes a certified System Software Integrator role that would be responsible for public safety in traditional infrastructure. Click here to access The Mobility Frontier: Cybersecurity and Trust Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio. https://doi.org/10.4271/EPR2023028

Unsettled Issues Concerning Semi-Automated Vehicles
Unsettled Issues Concerning Semi-Automated Vehicles

Author: Francesca Favaro

Publisher: SAE International

Published: 2020-02-28

Total Pages: 32

ISBN-13: 1468601342

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Across the span of the SAE International-defined Levels of Driving Automation, human drivers occupy a diverse range of responsibilities and authority on the vehicle movement and the monitoring of the outside environment. From both a technological and a regulatory perspective, there is a gap that divides lower levels of automation (L1 through L3) and higher levels of automation (L4 and L5). For those vehicles that require the cooperation between a human driver and the autonomous technology, it is important to ascertain the safety consequences of such a design choice. It is also important to understand what the transition between automated driving and manual driving entails for the human driver, as well as for the surrounding traffic. This SAE EDGE™ Research Report investigates unsettled issues concerning what is commonly referred to as “semi-automation,” including an overview of the role of human drivers, the quantification of the “transition-to-manual” problem, the role played by L3 toward full automation, and regulatory and moral considerations surrounding the deployment of these vehicles. NOTE: SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are intended to identify and illuminate key issues in emerging, but still unsettled, technologies of interest to the mobility industry. The goal of SAE EDGE™ Research Reports is to stimulate discussion and work in the hope of promoting and speeding resolution of identified issues. SAE EDGE™ Research Reports are not intended to resolve the issues they identify or close any topic to further scrutiny. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio. https://doi.org/10.4271/EPR2020001

Unsettled Legal Issues Facing Data in Autonomous, Connected, Electric, and Shared Vehicles
Unsettled Legal Issues Facing Data in Autonomous, Connected, Electric, and Shared Vehicles

Author: Jennifer Dukarski

Publisher: SAE International

Published: 2021-09-13

Total Pages: 42

ISBN-13: 1468603663

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Modern automobiles collect around 25 gigabytes of data per hour and autonomous vehicles are expected to generate more than 100 times that number. In comparison, the Apollo Guidance Computer assisting in the moon launches had only a 32-kilobtye hard disk. Without question, the breadth of in-vehicle data has opened new possibilities and challenges. The potential for accessing this data has led many entrepreneurs to claim that data is more valuable than even the vehicle itself. These intrepid data-miners seek to explore business opportunities in predictive maintenance, pay-as-you-drive features, and infrastructure services. Yet, the use of data comes with inherent challenges: accessibility, ownership, security, and privacy. Unsettled Legal Issues Facing Data in Autonomous, Connected, Electric, and Shared Vehicles examines some of the pressing questions on the minds of both industry and consumers. Who owns the data and how can it be used? What are the regulatory regimes that impact vehicular data use? Is the US close to harmonizing with other nations in the automotive data privacy? And will the risks of hackers lead to the “zombie car apocalypse” or to another avenue for ransomware? This report explores a number of these legal challenges and the unsettled aspects that arise in the world of automotive data. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio. https://doi.org/10.4271/EPR2021019

Unsettled Topics in the General Aviation Autonomy Landscape
Unsettled Topics in the General Aviation Autonomy Landscape

Author: Anna Mracek Dietrich

Publisher: SAE International

Published: 2022-02-24

Total Pages: 36

ISBN-13: 1468604309

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The extent of automation and autonomy used in general aviation (GA) has been accelerating dramatically. This has huge potential benefits for safety given that 75% of accidents in personal and on-demand GA are due to pilot error. However, an approach to certifying autonomous systems that relies on reversionary modes limits their potential to improve safety. Placing a human pilot in a situation where they are suddenly tasked with flying an airplane in a failed situation, often without sufficient situational awareness, is overly demanding. This, coupled with advancing technology that may not align with a deterministic certification paradigm, creates an opportunity for new approaches to certifying autonomous and highly automated aircraft systems. Unsettled Topics in the General Aviation Autonomy Landscape discusses how these new approaches must account for the multifaceted aviation approach to risk management which has interlocking requirements for airworthiness and operations (including training and airspace integration). If implemented properly, autonomy can take GA safety to the next level while simultaneously increasing the number and variety of aircraft and transportation options they provide. Click here to access the full SAE EDGETM Research Report portfolio. https://doi.org/10.4271/EPR2022004

Autonomous Vehicle Technology
Autonomous Vehicle Technology

Author: James M. Anderson

Publisher: Rand Corporation

Published: 2014-01-10

Total Pages: 215

ISBN-13: 0833084372

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The automotive industry appears close to substantial change engendered by “self-driving” technologies. This technology offers the possibility of significant benefits to social welfare—saving lives; reducing crashes, congestion, fuel consumption, and pollution; increasing mobility for the disabled; and ultimately improving land use. This report is intended as a guide for state and federal policymakers on the many issues that this technology raises.