Switch-reference and Universal Grammar

Switch-reference and Universal Grammar

Author: John Haiman

Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing

Published: 1983-01-01

Total Pages: 359

ISBN-13: 9027228663

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Canonical switch-reference is an inflectional category of the verb, which indicates whether or not its subject is identical with the subject of some other verb. Switch-reference may be analyzed from a structural or a functional point of view. Functionally, switch-reference is a device for referential tracking. Formally, switch-reference is almost always a verbal category, similar to the familiar category of verbal concord. In most languages switch-reference marking is indicated by a verbal affix, however in some languages it may be marked by an independent morpheme. The contributions to this volume are concerned with questions of form, function, and genesis of canonical switch-reference systems.


Switch Reference and Universal Grammar

Switch Reference and Universal Grammar

Author: John Haiman

Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing

Published: 1983-01-01

Total Pages: 358

ISBN-13: 9027280266

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Canonical switch-reference is an inflectional category of the verb, which indicates whether or not its subject is identical with the subject of some other verb. Switch-reference may be analyzed from a structural or a functional point of view. Functionally, switch-reference is a device for referential tracking. Formally, switch-reference is almost always a verbal category, similar to the familiar category of verbal concord. In most languages switch-reference marking is indicated by a verbal affix, however in some languages it may be marked by an independent morpheme. The contributions to this volume are concerned with questions of form, function, and genesis of canonical switch-reference systems.


The Universal Islamic Education Methodology

The Universal Islamic Education Methodology

Author: Roohi A. Ahmad

Publisher: FriesenPress

Published: 2023-08-28

Total Pages: 205

ISBN-13: 1039175791

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Have we ever wondered why Allah swt uses His name as Allah some places and Rabb in the others? Have we ever wondered what the difference between momin and muslim is? Can we make an argument to prove their meanings from within the Quran? Have we ever wondered why Allah swt uses the word zikar so extensively throughout the Quran; or what the meaning of the word zikar is; or how the meaning of zikar is different from talu, qara, and ratal; and even why there are talu, qara, and ratal, the three different words for reading the Quran? Or have we ever wondered why we are plagued by all kinds of catastrophes? Or why is there so much chaos and conflict in the world, and how can we solve these problems? If we have not wondered about such questions, the reason is that we have not read the Qur’an in its true sense. Today’s Muslims have two main objectives for their children: success in this world and triumph in the life hereafter. Muslim children need natural and social knowledge, but to fully enrich their minds, they also need to learn about the Quran and Islamic traditions. Many Islamic schools in North America are pursuing both of these objectives, but educators often feel that merging these two goals is too difficult. Having spent years teaching in Islamic schools and conducting a wealth of research, Roohi A. Ahmad has observed firsthand how complex the enterprise of Islamic education is. She has also witnessed the void of learning outcomes, teaching goals, and, most importantly, a clear vision and methodology for Islamic education. She has sought to remedy that situation in this book. It provides a practical methodology designed to help Muslim educators create a state-of-the-art Islamic education system that will lead to fully formed students who can function well in this world and ensure a positive outcome in the world to come.


Probabilistic Conditional Independence Structures

Probabilistic Conditional Independence Structures

Author: Milan Studeny

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2006-06-22

Total Pages: 292

ISBN-13: 1846280834

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Probabilistic Conditional Independence Structures provides the mathematical description of probabilistic conditional independence structures; the author uses non-graphical methods of their description, and takes an algebraic approach. The monograph presents the methods of structural imsets and supermodular functions, and deals with independence implication and equivalence of structural imsets. Motivation, mathematical foundations and areas of application are included, and a rough overview of graphical methods is also given. In particular, the author has been careful to use suitable terminology, and presents the work so that it will be understood by both statisticians, and by researchers in artificial intelligence. The necessary elementary mathematical notions are recalled in an appendix.


StarBriefs Plus

StarBriefs Plus

Author: Andre Heck

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2004-03-31

Total Pages: 1102

ISBN-13: 0306486032

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With about 200,000 entries, StarBriefs Plus represents the most comprehensive and accurately validated collection of abbreviations, acronyms, contractions and symbols within astronomy, related space sciences and other related fields. As such, this invaluable reference source (and its companion volume, StarGuides Plus) should be on the reference shelf of every library, organization or individual with any interest in these areas. Besides astronomy and associated space sciences, related fields such as aeronautics, aeronomy, astronautics, atmospheric sciences, chemistry, communications, computer sciences, data processing, education, electronics, engineering, energetics, environment, geodesy, geophysics, information handling, management, mathematics, meteorology, optics, physics, remote sensing, and so on, are also covered when justified. Terms in common use and/or of general interest have also been included where appropriate.