Trees and water: smallholder agroforestry on irrigated lands in Northern India
Trees and water: smallholder agroforestry on irrigated lands in Northern India

Author: Zomer, Robert J., Bossio, Deborah A., Trabucco, Antonio, Yuanjie, Li, Gupta, Diwan C., Singh, Virendra P.

Publisher: IWMI

Published: 2007

Total Pages: 50

ISBN-13: 9290906855

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Trees are increasingly grown on-farm to supply wood and biomass needs within developing countries. Over the last several decades, within the irrigated rice-wheat growing lands of northern India, fast-growing poplar trees have been planted on tens of thousands of small farms. Recent debate regarding afforestation has raised the issue that water use is often increased when trees are planted. This ongoing debate focuses primarily on afforestation or reforestation of upland and rain-fed agricultural areas, and off-site impacts such as reduced streamflow. Adoption of poplar agroforestry in northern India, in contrast, is occurring in areas where land and water are already intensively used and managed for agricultural production. This study based on farmer survey data, used remote sensing and spatial hydrological modeling to investigate the importance and role of the poplar trees within the agricultural landscape, and to estimate their water use. Overall, results illustrate a potential for addressing the increasing global demand for wood products with trees grown on-farm within irrigated agroforestry systems.

Advances in Sustainable Development and Management of Environmental and Natural Resources
Advances in Sustainable Development and Management of Environmental and Natural Resources

Author: Rohini Prasad

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2021-12-23

Total Pages: 918

ISBN-13: 1000407268

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Published in two volumes, this new book, Advances in Sustainable Development and Management of Environmental and Natural Resources: Economic Outlook and Opinions, addresses the varied aspect of natural resources and their management in conjunction with socioeconomic aspects. With chapters from authors from around the world, this volume features 24 chapters that cover many aspects of the sustainable utilization of management of natural resources and provides new insight into the nexus of ecology and economy and their application in various fields of science. The chapters include case studies and research from India, Africa, South America, and elsewhere. After first laying the foundation, the volume goes on to discuss sustainable development and natural resource management from an economics point of view. Chapters address myriad issues involved in natural resources and environmental management, including soil and water resources management in arid lands, resource management for agricultural purposes, contemporary global legal norms of environment and sustainable development, how emissions factor into regional economies, mitigation of the impact of climate change through sustainable practices, rainwater harvesting technology, and much more. The chapters include case studies that discuss soil, agroforestry, agriculture, wetlands, and floral diversity. The book provides a solid foundation for a realistic perspective of the role of sustainable development and management of natural resources while taking the socioeconomic impact into consideration as well. It will be a valuable resource and reference for the study of ecology, economics, sustainable development, natural resource management, and other allied fields.

Climate Change and Agroforestry Systems
Climate Change and Agroforestry Systems

Author: Abhishek Raj

Publisher: CRC Press

Published: 2020-02-14

Total Pages: 377

ISBN-13: 1000008762

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This new volume addresses the burning issues of the impact of climate change, the alteration of environmental quality, and subsequent mitigation and adaptation strategies through various agroecosystem practices, primarily in agroforestry. The book discusses in depth the impact of climate change on forests and other agroecosystems. It presents new research on mitigation strategies, looking at carbon sequestration in agricultural soils, environmental greening, natural resource management, and livelihood security. It provides a thorough analysis of the potential of various modern, improved, and scientific farming practices, such as climate-smart agriculture and agroforestry systems for climate change mitigation and adaptation. The book also examines the invasion of major fungal diseases in forests and agricultural crops due to climatic fluctuations and goes on to look at water and waste management practices.

Economic gains of improving soil fertility and water holding capacity with clay application: the impact of soil remediation research in northeast Thailand
Economic gains of improving soil fertility and water holding capacity with clay application: the impact of soil remediation research in northeast Thailand

Author: Saleth, R. M., Inocencio, A., Noble, A. D., Ruaysoongnern, S.

Publisher: IWMI

Published: 2009

Total Pages: 42

ISBN-13: 929090707X

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Declining productivity of agricultural soils in Northeast Thailand is a challenge facing land managers and farmers. A program was initiated in 2002 to investigate the potential role of incorporating clay-based materials into degraded soils as a means of enhancing productivity. This research report attempts to provide an ex-post assessment of the field level impact and economic viability of this approach, using the empirically derived estimates of the average income impacts that the application of bentonite or clay technology has generated among farm communities in Northeast Thailand. From an exclusive IWMI perspective, the impact evaluation suggests that the program has a net present value (NPV) of US$0.41 million with a benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of 2.44 for the sample, and a NPV of US$21 million with a BCR of 75 for the region.

Institutions, impact synergies and food security: a methodology with results from the Kala Oya Basin, Sri Lanka
Institutions, impact synergies and food security: a methodology with results from the Kala Oya Basin, Sri Lanka

Author: Saleth, Rathinasamy Maria, Dinar, A., Neubert, S., Kamaiah, B., Manoharan, S., Abayawardana, Sarath, Ariyaratne, Ranjith, de Silva, S.

Publisher: IWMI

Published: 2007

Total Pages: 46

ISBN-13: 9290906863

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The success of development programs depends on the role of underlying institutions and the impact synergies from closely related programs. Existing literature has limitations in accounting for these critical factors. This paper fills this gap by developing a methodology, which can quantify both the institutional roles in impact generation and the impact synergies from related programs. The methodology is applied to the Kala Oya Basin in Sri Lanka for evaluating the impacts of three development programs and 11 institutions on food security. The results provide valuable insights on the relative roles of institutions and the varying flow of impact synergies both within and across impact pathways.

Malaria transmission in the vicinity of impounded water: evidence from the Koka Reservoir, Ethiopia
Malaria transmission in the vicinity of impounded water: evidence from the Koka Reservoir, Ethiopia

Author: Solomon Kibret

Publisher: IWMI

Published: 2009

Total Pages: 52

ISBN-13: 9290907061

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The construction of dams in Africa is often associated with adverse malaria impacts in surrounding communities. However, the degree and nature of these impacts are rarely quantified and the feasibility of manipulating reservoir water levels to control mosquito breeding has not been previously investigated in Africa. This report describes entomological and epidemiological studies conducted around the Koka Dam and Reservoir in Ethiopia. The research findings confirm the role of the reservoir in increasing malaria transmission and provide evidence that there is potential to use dam operation in integrated malaria control strategies.

Determinants of Adoption of Rainwater Management Technologies among Farm Households in the Nile River Basin
Determinants of Adoption of Rainwater Management Technologies among Farm Households in the Nile River Basin

Author: Gebrehaweria Gebregziabher

Publisher: IWMI

Published: 2013-10-18

Total Pages: 38

ISBN-13: 9290907819

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Agriculture is the main sector of the Ethiopian economy. Uneven distribution of rainfall, droughts and high rainfall intensities contribute to low agricultural productivity and high levels of food insecurity. High population growth, the cultivation of steep and marginal lands, poor land management practices and lack of effective rainwater management (RWM) strategies aggravate the situation. Studies show that the adoption of RWM technologies is low and is influenced by several factors. This study assesses the patterns and the factors that influence farm household adoption of RWM technologies. Unlike previous studies which typically examined a single technology rather than the interdependence between technologies, the conceptual framework of this study is based on the premise that farmers are more likely to adopt a combination of promising RWM technologies. The need to consider this interdependence is one of the many recommendations made by this study to promote the adoption of RWM technologies.

Climate change impacts on hydrology and water resources of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia
Climate change impacts on hydrology and water resources of the Upper Blue Nile River Basin, Ethiopia

Author: Kim, U., Kaluarachchi, J. J., Smakhtin, V. U.

Publisher: IWMI

Published: 2008

Total Pages: 31

ISBN-13: 9290906960

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The report evaluates the impacts of climate change on the hydrological regime and water resources of the Blue Nile River Basin in Ethiopia. It starts from the construction of the climate change scenarios based on the outcomes of several general circulation models (GCMs), uses a simple hydrological model to convert theses scenarios into runoff, and examines the impacts by means of a set of indices. The results, however uncertain with existing accuracy of climate models, suggest that the region is likely to have the future potential to produce hydropower, increase flow duration, and increase water storage capacity without affecting outflows to the riparian countries in the 2050s.

Drivers and characteristics of wastewater agriculture in developing countries: results from a global assessment
Drivers and characteristics of wastewater agriculture in developing countries: results from a global assessment

Author: Raschid-Sally, L., Jayakody, P.

Publisher: IWMI

Published: 2009

Total Pages: 39

ISBN-13: 9290906987

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In 4 out of 5 cities in developing countries, wastewater is used to cultivate perishable crops for urban markets. Such practices create a health risk but provide important livelihood benefits. This study through an analysis of 53 cities in developing countries, contributes to understanding the factors that drive wastewater use. The main drivers are (1) increasing urban water demand without wastewater treatment causing pollution of irrigation water sources; (2) urban food demand favoring agriculture close to cities where water sources are polluted; and (3) lack of cheaper, similarly reliable or safer water sources. Poverty, which constrains the infrastructure needs of urbanization, is an added factor. The study makes policy recommendations stressing on, effectively applying the WHO guidelines, linking investments in water supply with sanitation for maximum beneficial impact on water pollution, and involving actors at both the national and local level, for water quality improvements and health risk reduction