Race on the Line
Race on the Line

Author: Venus Green

Publisher: Duke University Press

Published: 2001-05-02

Total Pages: 396

ISBN-13: 9780822325734

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A labor history of women workers in the early years of the telephone industry.

Communication, Citizenship, and Social Policy
Communication, Citizenship, and Social Policy

Author: Andrew Calabrese

Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield

Published: 1999

Total Pages: 344

ISBN-13: 9780847691081

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What roles can and should governments play in communication policymaking? How are communication policies related to welfare politics? With the rapid globalization of commerce and culture and the increasing recognition of information as an economic resource, the grounds for defending the welfare state have shifted. Communication policy is now more widely understood as social policy. Communication, Citizenship, and Social Policy examines issues of communication technology, neoliberal economic policies, public service media, media access, social movements and political communication, the geography of communication, and global media development and policy, among others, and shows how progressive policymakers must use these bases to confront more directly the debates on contemporary welfare theory and politics.

The Women Who Got America Talking
The Women Who Got America Talking

Author: Kerry Segrave

Publisher: McFarland

Published: 2017-08-11

Total Pages: 239

ISBN-13: 147666904X

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When the need for telephone operators arose in the 1870s, the assumption was that they should all be male. Wages for adult men were too high, so boys were hired. They proved quick to argue with the subscribers, so females replaced them. Women were calmer, had reassuring voices and rarely talked back. Within a few years, telephone operators were all female and would remain so. The pay was low and working conditions harsh. The job often impaired their health, as they suffered abuse from subscribers in silence under pain of dismissal. Discipline was stern--dress codes were mandated, although they were never seen by the public. Most were young, domestic and anything but militant. Yet many joined unions and walked picket lines in response to the severely capitalistic, sexist system they worked under.