For personnel standing or prone-side-on to the charge when it is detonated at or near the surface, the side-on incident plus dynamic pressures become the effective pressure; however, with orientations end-on in this situation, only the side-on incident pressure appears to be the maximal effective pressure.
Neurotrauma: A Comprehensive Textbook on Traumatic Brain Injury and Spinal Cord Injury aims to bring together the latest clinical practice and research in the filed of two forms of trauma to the central nervous system: namely traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI). Nationally, more 1.9 million Americans sustain a traumatic brain injury annually. In parallel, there are an estimate of 12,000 new cases of SCI in the United States annually. In addition, approximately 1.2 million people live with paralysis due to SCI. In recent years, dramatic advancements in the field have resulted in much improved outcomes for patients and higher standards of care. This volume details the latest research and clinical practice in the treatment of neurotrauma, in a comprehensive but easy-to-follow format. Neurotrauma is a valuable resource for any clinician involved in caring for TBI and SCI patients, clinical research professionals, researchers, medical and graduate students, and nurse specialists.
Pulmonary function tests were conducted before and after exposure of animals to air blasts produced in shock tubes or by high explosives. Pressure- time measurements were made with piezoelectric pressure transducers during each air-blast exposure. Blood samples were obtained without anesthesia from an indwelling arterial catheter. The blood PO2, PCO2, and pH and the end-tidal and mixed expired CO2, O2, and N2 gas concentrations were measured for subjects breathing air and oxygen. There were increases in the alveolar-arterial O2 differences and venous admixture which generally correlated with the extent of blast-induced lung damage. The threshold for lung injury resulting in increased venous admixture in sheep was about 20 psi for reflected overpressures of 'long' duration. Pressures above 43 psi usually caused severe lung damage in which the venous-arterial shunt exceeded 30 percent of the cardiac output, a condition in which the arterial oxygen tension was below the level required for full saturation of the hemoglobin even with animals breathing pure oxygen.
Since the United States began combat operations in Afghanistan in October 2001 and then in Iraq in March 2003, the numbers of US soldiers killed exceed 6,700 and of US soldiers wounded 50,500. Although all wars since World War I have involved the use of explosives by the enemy, the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq differ from previous wars in which the United States has been involved because of the enemy's use of improvised explosive devices (IEDs). The use of IEDs has led to an injury landscape different from that in prior US wars. The signature injury of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars is blast injury. Numerous US soldiers have returned home with devastating blast injuries and they continue to experience many challenges in readjusting to civilian life. Gulf War and Health, Volume 9 is an assessment of the relevant scientific information and draws conclusions regarding the strength of the evidence of an association between exposure to blast and health effects. The report also includes recommendations for research most likely to provide VA with knowledge that can be used to inform decisions on how to prevent blast injuries, how to diagnose them effectively, and how to manage, treat, and rehabilitate victims of battlefield traumas in the immediate aftermath of a blast and in the long term.
This state-of-the-art book brings together the full range of issues that can inform care for patients experiencing the effects of concussion. Written by an international panel of experts and edited by a critical care physician and by a cognitive neuroscientist, the book serves as a primer of the various domains of study and application, while providing clinical insights and evidence to bring towards treatment. Chapters span the basic mechanics and pathophysiology of concussion, through its assessment, management, and complications. Comprehensive and timely, this book is accessible to healthcare professionals, and researchers eager to learn something about this field.
First published in 1989: A generalization and rationalization of the main safety design criteria and safety analysis methodologies developed in nuclear aerospace and chemical engineering is presented in two comprehensive volumes. The concepts of risk, damage and probability of hazardous events are introduced. Risks connected with the use of main harmful substances are quantitatively identified. The methods employed for the safety analyses are described, together with the methodologies for seismic analyses and for Probabilistic Risk Assessment. The main criteria for protection of plants from internal and external events are introduced and described. In addition, the problem of emergency planning is considered. This book is particularly intended for engineers working in the nuclear field, in chemical industries, in industrial plants, in fuel storages and with high-risk substances, as well as for engineers operating in licensing organizations and for inspectors.
Hayes’ Principles and Methods of Toxicology has long been established as a reliable and informative reference for the concepts, methodologies, and assessments integral to toxicology. The new edition contains updated and new chapters with the addition of new authors while maintaining the same high standards that have made this book a benchmark resource in the field. Key Features: The comprehensive yet concise coverage of various aspects of fundamental and applied toxicology makes this book a valuable resource for educators, students, and professionals. Questions provided at the end of each chapter allow readers to test their knowledge and understanding of the material covered. All chapters have been updated and over 60 new authors have been added to reflect the dynamic nature of toxicological sciences New topics in this edition include Safety Assessment of Cosmetics and Personal Care Products, The Importance of the Dose/Rate Response, Novel Approaches and Alternative Models, Epigenetic Toxicology, and an Expanded Glossary. The volume is divided into 4 major sections, addressing fundamental principles of toxicology (Section I. "Principles of Toxicology"), major classes of established chemical hazards (Section II. "Agents"), current methods used for the assessment of various endpoints indicative of chemical toxicity (Section III. "Methods"), as well as toxicology of specific target systems and organs (Section IV. "Organ- and System-Specific Toxicology"). This volume will be a valuable tool for the audience that wishes to broaden their understanding of hazards and mechanisms of toxicity and to stay on top of the emerging methods and concepts of the rapidly advancing field of toxicology and risk assessment.
