Any attempts to control the greenhouse effect will involve reducing carbon dioxide emissions and therefore requires energy efficiency. Victor Anderson analyses ways in which energy can be used more economically and discusses effective policies for promoting this. Specific case studies are used to illustrate previous attempts to introduce policies aimed at reducing consumption of energy and offers a practical and topical guide to tackling the effects of global warming in the future.
Drying of pharmaceutical products, drying of biotechnologicl products, drying of peat and biofuels, druing of fibrous materials, drying ofpulp and paper, of wood and wood products, drying in mineral proces sing, modeling, measurements, and efficeiencies of infrared eryers for paper drying, drying of coal, drying of coated webs, drying of polymersupeheated stema drying, dryer feeder systems, dryer emision control systems, cost estimation methods for dryers, energy aspects in drying safeth aspects of industrial dryers, humidity measurements, control of industrial dryers.
The reduction of energy consumption through improvements in energy efficiency has become an important goal for all countries, in order to improve the efficiency of the economy, to increase energy supply security, and to reduce the emissions of CO and other pollutants caused by power· generation. 2 Electric motors use over half of all electricity consumed in developed countries. Typically 60-80% of the electricity which is used in the industrial sector and about 35% of the electricity used in the commercial sector in the European Union is consumed by motors. In industry, a motor consumes an annual quantity of electricity which corresponds to approximately 5 times its purchase price, throughout its whole life of aroun~ 12 to 20 years. Motors are by far the most important type of electric load. They are used in all sectors and in a wide range of applications, namely the following: fans, compressors, pumps, mills, winders, elevators, transports, home appliances, and office equipment, etc. It is their wide use that makes motor drive systems one of the main targets to achieve significant energy savings. As motors are the largest USers of electrical energy, even small efficiency improvements will produce very large energy savings.
The success of the previous Conferences on Energy from Biomass, held in Brighton 1980and Berlin 1982, and the continued interest among European countries, encouraged theCommission of the European Communities to organise the third conference on this areaof energy production. It brought together about 500 experts from many countries thuspresenting an international forum for discussion of the most recent advances in researchand development, manufacture and industrial applications.
Two general questions stood at the beginning of this PhD-thesis, namely: • What are the mechanisms which lead to the emergence and establishment of new technologies? • How can this process of technological change be influenced politically? In this sense, conceptual and theoretical interests were the early driving forces of the research work. This is also reflected in the considerable attention paid to the nature of technological change and political control. The result is an holistic per spective which builds on inputs from different disciplines and aims at dynamic interpretation. This, however, created a severe methodological problem: How could such a comprehensive perspective be used constructively? To develop this link between theory and forward-looking, policy-oriented analysis, and to devise a methodology which showed explicitly how this approach could be used in a con structive way were in fact the major challenges of this research project. The appli cation to the example of combined heat and power generation, and the comparison of the developments in the UK and in Germany serve the purpose to demonstrate how this approach and methodology can be implemented in practice. These as pects were also of particular interest to the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies (IPTS), one ofthe institutes of the European Commission's Joint Research Centre, where most of the research work reported in this PhD-thesis was carried out.
