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The Effectiveness of Causes

Author: Dorothy Mary Emmet

Publisher: SUNY Press

Published: 1985-01-01

Total Pages: 150

ISBN-13: 9780873959407

The Effectiveness of Causes presents a strong view of causation seen as an operation between participants in events, and not as a relation holding between events themselves. In it, Emmet proposes that other philosophical views of cause and effect provide only a world of events, each of which is presented as an unchanging unit. Such a world, she contends, is a "Zeno universe," since transitions and movement are lost. Emmet offers a more complex interpretation of the various forms of causal dependence. She sees "immanent" causation in the mere persistence of things, where effects are not temporarily separable from causes, and she considers the operation of "efficacious grace." This is a new approach to the traditional problem and provides stimulating implications for the other metaphysical questions and for the philosophy of science.

The Effectiveness of Causes

Author: Dorothy Emmet

Publisher: State University of New York Press

Published: 1985-06-30

Total Pages: 150

ISBN-13: 1438402058

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The Effectiveness of Causes presents a strong view of causation seen as an operation between participants in events, and not as a relation holding between events themselves. In it, Emmet proposes that other philosophical views of cause and effect provide only a world of events, each of which is presented as an unchanging unit. Such a world, she contends, is a "Zeno universe," since transitions and movement are lost. Emmet offers a more complex interpretation of the various forms of causal dependence. She sees "immanent" causation in the mere persistence of things, where effects are not temporarily separable from causes, and she considers the operation of "efficacious grace." This is a new approach to the traditional problem and provides stimulating implications for the other metaphysical questions and for the philosophy of science.

The Book of Why

Author: Judea Pearl

Publisher: Basic Books

Published: 2018-05-15

Total Pages: 432

ISBN-13: 0465097618

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A Turing Award-winning computer scientist and statistician shows how understanding causality has revolutionized science and will revolutionize artificial intelligence "Correlation is not causation." This mantra, chanted by scientists for more than a century, has led to a virtual prohibition on causal talk. Today, that taboo is dead. The causal revolution, instigated by Judea Pearl and his colleagues, has cut through a century of confusion and established causality -- the study of cause and effect -- on a firm scientific basis. His work explains how we can know easy things, like whether it was rain or a sprinkler that made a sidewalk wet; and how to answer hard questions, like whether a drug cured an illness. Pearl's work enables us to know not just whether one thing causes another: it lets us explore the world that is and the worlds that could have been. It shows us the essence of human thought and key to artificial intelligence. Anyone who wants to understand either needs The Book of Why.

Communities in Action

Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2017-04-27

Total Pages: 583

ISBN-13: 0309452961

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In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.

Cause and Effect, Conditionals, Explanations

Author: Richard L Epstein

Publisher: Advanced Reasoning Forum

Published: 2018-11-05

Total Pages: 204

ISBN-13: 0983452113

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This series of books presents the fundamentals of reasoning well, in a style accessible to both students and scholars. The text of each essay presents a story, the main line of development of the ideas, while the footnotes and appendices place the research within a larger scholarly context. The essays overlap, forming a unified analysis of reasoning, yet each essay is designed so that it may be read independently of the others. The topic of this volume is the evaluation of reasoning about cause and effect, reasoning using conditionals, and reasoning that involves explanations. The essay "Reasoning about Cause and Effect" sets out a way to analyze whether there is cause and effect in terms of whether an inference from a claim describing the purported cause to a claim describing the purported effect satisfies specific conditions. Different notions of cause and effect correspond to placing different conditions on what counts as a good causal inference. An application of that method in "The Directedness of Emotions" leads to a clearer understanding of the issue whether every emotion need be directed at something. In the essay "Conditionals" various ways of analyzing reasoning with claims of the form "if . . . then . . ." are surveyed. Some of those uses are meant to be judged as inferences that are not necessarily valid, and conditions are given for when we can consider such inferences to be good. In "Explanations" verbal answers to a question why a claim is true are evaluated in terms of conditions placed on inferences from the explaining claims to the claim being explained. Recognizing that the direction of inference of such an explanation is the reverse of that for an argument with the very same claims is crucial in their evaluation. Explanations in terms of functions and goals are also investigated.

Encyclopedia of Research Design

Author: Neil J. Salkind

Publisher: SAGE

Published: 2010-06-22

Total Pages: 1779

ISBN-13: 1412961270

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"Comprising more than 500 entries, the Encyclopedia of Research Design explains how to make decisions about research design, undertake research projects in an ethical manner, interpret and draw valid inferences from data, and evaluate experiment design strategies and results. Two additional features carry this encyclopedia far above other works in the field: bibliographic entries devoted to significant articles in the history of research design and reviews of contemporary tools, such as software and statistical procedures, used to analyze results. It covers the spectrum of research design strategies, from material presented in introductory classes to topics necessary in graduate research; it addresses cross- and multidisciplinary research needs, with many examples drawn from the social and behavioral sciences, neurosciences, and biomedical and life sciences; it provides summaries of advantages and disadvantages of often-used strategies; and it uses hundreds of sample tables, figures, and equations based on real-life cases."--Publisher's description.

Cause and Effect Diagrams

Author: Joiner Associates

Publisher: Oriel Incorporated

Published: 1995

Total Pages: 144

ISBN-13: 9781884731099

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Many problem-solving efforts have little or no effect because we fail to adequately study the causes of the problem. Cause-and-effect diagrams are tools that help us track down and eliminate the conditions that cause the problem. This guide covers what cause-and-effect diagrams are, when to use them, and how to create them. Other titles in the 'Plain & Simple' Series include: * Data Collection (7.2 JOI 1) * Pareto Charts (7.2 JOI 3) * How To Graph (7.2. JOI 2) * Flowcharts (7.2. JOI 8) * Frequency Plots (7.2. JOI 6) * Scatter Plots (7.2. JOI 9) * Time Plots (7.2. JOI 7) * Individuals Charts (7.2. JOI 4) * Cause-And-Effect Diagrams (7.2. JOI 5) * Defect Tile Cards and Process Tile Cards.

Mary Shepherdâs an Essay Upon the Relation of Cause and Effect

Author: Silver Professor in the Department of Philosophy Don Garrett

Publisher: Oxford University Press

Published: 2024

Total Pages: 177

ISBN-13: 0197649637

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Mary Shepherd's An Essay upon the Relation of Cause and Effect is a pioneering work in metaphysics and epistemology by one of the most important philosophers of her era. Appearing on the bicentenary of its original 1824 publication, this is the first full modern edition of the book, which presents and defends the theory of causation and scientific knowledge that constitutes the cornerstone of her entire philosophy. The edition includes an extensive introduction and scholarly notes throughout that provide historical and philosophical context while explaining the central ideas of the work. It also includes the two essays by Shepherd published in 1828 and all of her known letters-- all but one of them published here for the first time-- which shed significant additional light on her philosophical ideas.