The Business of Densification
The Business of Densification

Author: Gabriela Debrunner

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2024-02-01

Total Pages: 303

ISBN-13: 3031490142

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Affordable housing shortage and social exclusion have become severe societal problems across the globe. Increasing numbers of people are suffering from social eviction and displacement due to urban densification, modernization, rising rents, and intense housing commodification. Vulnerable resident groups – such as old-aged or households with children – who often live in old housing stocks planned to be densified, renovated, or upgraded with higher rents, are forced to leave the urban core centers because they can no longer afford to live in central locations, or because they experience unstable or insecure housing conditions. A scenario that is highly unsustainable. So far, studies on densification have mainly considered the process as technological, architectural, or design-based problem (e.g., Kyttä et al., 2013; Broitman & Koomen, 2015; Bibby et al., 2018). However, systematic knowledge on how to implement densification objectives sustainably – regarding economic, environmental, and social aspects – is still lacking. This book tackles this gap by analyzing densification from a governance perspective. Its point of departure is that densification per se does not necessarily lead to sustainable outcomes in terms of social inclusion, cohesion, or community stability. Rather, it politicizes densification by neglecting how the process is planned, implemented, and governed by the actors involved. The book applies an actors-centered neoinstitutionalist political ecology approach to reveal the specific objectives and strategies of actors involved, as well as the socio-political structures (i.e. rules. laws, and policies) that govern densification. Four Swiss in-depth empirical qualitative case studies (Zürich, Basel, Köniz, and Kloten) illustrate the political and legal conditions for success or failure for (un)sustainable implementations of densification. Ultimately, this book advises stakeholders, governments, urban practitioners, and academics on more effective, community-oriented, collective, and decommodified forms of governance to respond to the needs of the public at large rather than simply catering to private individuals and firms. Such governance initiatives entail active municipal land policy approaches outside a purely market-based investment logic that not only limit, but also work with property rights. This is an open access book.

Compulsory Property Acquisition for Urban Densification
Compulsory Property Acquisition for Urban Densification

Author: Glen Searle

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2018-06-14

Total Pages: 298

ISBN-13: 1351386751

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Densification has been a central method of achieving smart, sustainable cities across the world. This book explores international examples of the property rights tensions involved in attempting to develop denser, more sustainable cities through compulsory acquisition of property. The case studies from Europe, North America, eastern Asia and Australia show how well, or not, property rights have been recognised in each country. Chapters explore the significance of local legal frameworks and institutions in accommodating property rights in the densification process. In particular, the case studies address the following issues and more: Whether compulsory acquisition to increase densification is justified in practice and in theory The specific public benefits given for compulsory acquisition The role the development industry plays in facilitating, encouraging or promoting compulsory acquisition What compensation or offsets are offered for acquisition, and how are they funded? Is there a local or national history of compulsory property acquisition by government for a range of purposes? Is compulsory acquisition restricted to certain types or locations of densification? Where existing housing is acquired, are there obligations to provide alternative housing arrangements? The central aim of the book is to summarize international experiences of the extent to which property rights have or have not been protected in the use of compulsory property acquisition to achieve sustainable cities via urban densification. It is essential reading for all those interested in planning law, property rights, environmental law, urban studies, sustainable urban development and land use policy.

Effective Urban Densification
Effective Urban Densification

Author: Barry Johns

Publisher: Taylor & Francis

Published: 2024-11-04

Total Pages: 260

ISBN-13: 1040111475

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The housing crisis confronts two of North America’s contemporary urban challenges: affordability and the need to curtail urban sprawl through densification of existing communities. Advancing a novel formula labelled BAAKFIL, this book introduces a new way of thinking about affordability and revitalization of mature neighbourhoods and communities. Beginning with an exploration of the monoculture of homogenous, average quality suburban housing stock in North America, subsequent chapters explore the serious issue of land cost; infill, zoning and Nimbyism in the context of the mass housing industry. Then, bridging the gap between theory and practice, the author introduces a theoretical design approach (BAAKFIL) as a practical formula for adding affordable residential units in established single family neighbourhoods while respecting their defining features. The final chapters evaluate the efficacy of BAAKFIL as a conceptual model by exploring various ‘test bed’ sites where the framework is applied. This book will be a valuable resource for practicing architects in the housing domain, as well as for planners working in municipalities. It will also appeal to advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students of urban design and architecture.

High-Density and De-Densified Smart Campus Communications
High-Density and De-Densified Smart Campus Communications

Author: Daniel Minoli

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2021-12-06

Total Pages: 368

ISBN-13: 111971608X

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High-Density and De-Densified Smart Campus Communications Design, deliver, and implement high-density communications solutions High-density campus communications are critical in the operation of densely populated airports, stadiums, convention centers, shopping malls, classrooms, hospitals, dense smart cities, and more. They also drive Smart City and Smart Building use cases as High-Density Communications (HDC) become recognized as an essential fourth utility. However, the unique requirements and designs demanded by HDC make implementation challenging. In High-Density and De-Densified Smart Campus Communications: Technologies, Integration, Implementation and Applications, a team of experienced technology strategists delivers a one-of-a-kind treatment of the requirements, technologies, designs, solutions, and trends associated with HDC. From the functional requirements for HDC and emerging data/Wi-Fi 6/internet access/5G cellular/OTT video, and IoT automation—including pandemic-related de-densification—to the economics of broad deployment of HDC, this book includes coverage of every major issue faced by the professionals responsible for the design, installation, and maintenance of high-density communication networks. It also includes: A thorough introduction to traditional and emerging voice/cellular design for campus applications, including the Distributed Antenna System (DAS) Comprehensive explorations of traditional sensor networks and Internet of Things services approaches Practical discussions of high-density Wi-Fi hotspot connectivity and related technologies, like Wi-Fi 5, Wi-Fi 6, spectrum, IoT, VoWiFi, DASs, microcells issues, and 5G versus Wi-Fi issues In-depth examinations of de-densification, office social distancing, and Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technologies Perfect for telecommunication researchers and engineers, networking professionals, technology planners, campus administrators, and equipment vendors, High-Density Smart Campus Communications will also earn a place in the libraries of senior undergraduate and graduate students in applied communications technologies.

Density & Atmosphere
Density & Atmosphere

Author: Eberhard Tröger

Publisher: Birkhäuser

Published: 2014-11-24

Total Pages: 536

ISBN-13: 3035604398

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This book offers a thorough study of the relationship between the characteristics of construction density and the ensuing atmospheres, distribution of uses and their value. 36 case study examples in Zurich, Vienna, Munich and Berlin were documented and assessed, from the outskirts to the center of the city with photographs and detailed map material according to ninedensity categories that take public space into account.

Playing with Density
Playing with Density

Author: Anita Grams

Publisher: vdf Hochschulverlag AG

Published: 2018-11-23

Total Pages: 224

ISBN-13: 3728139211

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The revised Swiss Spatial Planning Law, which came into effect in 2014, and the minimum strategy of ‘inward development before outward development’ obligate municipalities to direct their spatial development to ward existing, largely built-up spaces, and to coordinate building zone dimensioning across municipal boundaries. For many small- and medium-sized municipalities in Switzerland, this means changing thought patterns with regard to spatial planning practice. A major element of inward development is the constructional densification of existing settlement areas. However, especially in small- and medium-sized municipalities, densification is confronted with numerous problems, such as insufficient acceptance of dense building typologies, mobilisation obstacles for reserves secured under building law, and the lack of thought patterns concerning inward development. This is where the research in this volume sets in, leading to the hypothesis that inward development in the main settlement areas of Switzerland is possible, but that the existing formal instruments of spatial planning themselves are insufficient for this purpose. An estimation of the reserves in the Swiss Plateau shows that there is a theoretical capacity for accommodating around 0.5–1 million additional inhabitants there is without having to adjust the formal instruments. Around two-thirds of all reserves are located in smalland medium-sized municipalities with fewer than 10,000 inhabitants, which, moreover, make up 93% of all administrative units of the Swiss Plateau. In addition, it is estimated that half of the floor area reserves lie on already built-up, though underused, plots. In the main settlement area of Switzerland, a systematic ‘density eschewal’ is taking place in small- and medium-sized municipalities. In order to help inward development achieve a breakthrough in the main settlement area in Switzerland, informal procedures are needed in these municipal categories that result in a revision of local planning. In doing so, informal procedures should not negate the specific organisational form of small- and medium-sized municipalities, namely, the militia system of governance, but should rather adapt to this principle. An ‘inward development compass’ brings together the knowledge existing in the militia system of governance, forming the informal prelude to the ‘local planning revision of the third generation’ in small- and medium-sized municipalities. The inception of the revised spatial planning law and its stipulations on inward development and densification confronts the three large-scale areas of Switzerland with different challenges. Yet driven by changes in the fields of demographics, energy, and finances, the initial problems will manifest themselves most clearly in the Swiss Plateau. If the required transformation process is to succeed, a more pronounced orientation of policy and spatial planning towards the initial problems in small- and medium-sized municipalities is necessary.

The Sustainability Ethic in the Management of the Physical, Infrastructural and Natural Resources of Zimbabwe
The Sustainability Ethic in the Management of the Physical, Infrastructural and Natural Resources of Zimbabwe

Author: Chirisa, Innocent

Publisher: Langaa RPCIG

Published: 2019-05-27

Total Pages: 500

ISBN-13: 9956550450

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Humanity has extensively exploited natural and physical resources, since the Industrial Revolution in Europe. A geological era, now called the Anthropocene, has been coined in environmental and developmental circles, to mark the increased domination of humanity on Earth and its resources. Today, the ecological footprint on the fragile planet continues to increase. Mass industrialisation, like what China is doing and pushing for, is one of the drivers for increased urbanisation that results in increased demand for land. It is also the stimulus behind increased deforestation, overfishing, and pollution. As the fragility of the Earth increases, global bodies like the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change are pushing to reduce the Earth’s temperature. Human efforts to manage the problem cascade from a global to a regional, to a national, as well as to much localised scales. Missing though are nuanced contributions at national and community levels, which this book is an attempt to bridge. The nagging sense of responsibility is what this book explores under the label of “sustainability ethic”. As a case study, the book examines the use of sustainability ethic in the management of the physical, infrastructural and natural resources of Zimbabwe. This ethic is built on pillars that include participation of people (households) in their pursuit for sustainable livelihoods, appropriate technology, tools and techniques for environmental protection. It also hinges on stewardship and structures, institutions, policies and processes of governance and sustainability. There are also the aspects of ethics, laws and indigenous technical knowledge for sustainability, capacity building and education plans and programmes for sustainability and population and demographic determinants, processes and outcomes for sustainability. The book is a timely contribution to an urgent global concern and climate change debate.

Urban Access for the 21st Century
Urban Access for the 21st Century

Author: Elliott Sclar

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2014-03-05

Total Pages: 291

ISBN-13: 1317933893

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This book sets out a road map for the provision of urban access for all. For most of the last century cities have followed a path of dependency on car dominated urban transport favouring the middle classes. Urban Access for the 21st Century seeks to change this. Policies need to be more inclusive of the accessibility needs of the urban poor. Change requires redesigning the existing public finance systems that support urban mobility. The aim is to diminish their embedded biases towards automobile-based travel. Through a series of chapters from international contributors, the book brings together expertise from different fields. It shows how small changes can incentivize large positive developments in urban transport and create truly accessible cities.

Sintering
Sintering

Author: Suk-Joong L. Kang

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2004-11-27

Total Pages: 279

ISBN-13: 0080493076

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Sintering is the process of forming materials and components from a powder under the action of thermal energy. It is a key materials science subject: most ceramic materials and many specialist metal powder products for use in key industries such as electronics, automotive and aerospace are formed this way. Written by one of the leading experts in the field, this book offers an unrivalled introduction to sintering and sintering processes for students of materials science and engineering, and practicing engineers in industry. The book is unique in providing a complete grounding in the principles of sintering and equal coverage of the three key sintering processes: densification, grain growth and microstructure. Students and professional engineers alike will be attracted by the emphasis on developing a detailed understanding of the theory and practical processes of sintering, the balanced coverage of ceramic and metal sintering, and the accompanying examination questions with selected solutions. Delivering unrivalled depth of coverage on the basis of sintering, science, including thermodynamics and polycrystalline microstructure. Unique in its balanced coverage of the three key sintering elements - densification, grain growth and microstructure. A key reference for students and engineers in materials science and engineering, accompanied by examination questions and selected solutions.