The Arkansas Race Riot
The Arkansas Race Riot

Author: Ida B 1862-1931 Wells-Barnett

Publisher: Legare Street Press

Published: 2021-09-09

Total Pages: 64

ISBN-13: 9781014083913

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This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it. This work is in the public domain in the United States of America, and possibly other nations. Within the United States, you may freely copy and distribute this work, as no entity (individual or corporate) has a copyright on the body of the work. Scholars believe, and we concur, that this work is important enough to be preserved, reproduced, and made generally available to the public. To ensure a quality reading experience, this work has been proofread and republished using a format that seamlessly blends the original graphical elements with text in an easy-to-read typeface. We appreciate your support of the preservation process, and thank you for being an important part of keeping this knowledge alive and relevant.

The Arkansas Race Riot
The Arkansas Race Riot

Author: Ida B. Wells-Barnett

Publisher: Createspace Independent Pub

Published: 2013-09-20

Total Pages: 82

ISBN-13: 9781492770084

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The press dispatches of October 1, 1919, heralded the news that another race riot had taken place the night before in Elaine, Ark., and that it was started by Negroes who had killed some white officers in an altercation. Later on the country was told that the white people of Phillips County had risen against the Negroes who started this riot and had killed many of them, and that this orgy of bloodshed was not stopped until United States soldiers from camp Pike had been sent to the scene of the trouble. Columns were printed telling of an organization among Negro farmers in this little burg who were banded together or the purpose of killing all the white people, the organization being known as the Farmers' Household Union. As a result of these charges over one hundred Negro farmers and laborers, men and women, were arrested and jailed in Helena, Ark., the county seat of Phillips County. One month later they were indicted and tried for murder in the first degree and the jury found them guilty after six minutes of deliberation. Twelve were sentenced to die in the electric chair-six on December 27th and six on January 2nd, and seventy-five of them were sent to the penitentiary on sentences ranging from five to twenty-one years! Several national bodies among colored people, notably the Equal Rights League, sent letters of protest to Governor Brough, but press dispatches reported that the governor refused to interfere, because he believed the men had received justice. Thereupon, the Chicago branch of the Equal Rights League sent telegrams to Senators Medill McCormick and Curtis, chairman on committee on race riots and Congressman Martin B. Madden asking the federal government to take some on to protect these men and see that they got justice.

The Elaine Massacre and Arkansas
The Elaine Massacre and Arkansas

Author: Guy Lancaster

Publisher: Butler Center for Arkansas Studies

Published: 2018

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9781945624117

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"Even a century later, the Elaine Massacre remains the subject of intense inquiry as historians seek explanations for why authorities in the Arkansas Delta used such overwhelming violence against a farmers' union, attempt to determine how many died in the massacre and document their names, and explore how the event has shaped the century that followed. However, we cannot fully understand what happened at Elaine without examining the one hundred years leading up to the massacre. The years from 1819, when Arkansas officially became an American territory, to 1919 provide the historical foundation for one of the bloodiest manifestations of racial violence in the United States. During the antebellum years, slaveholders grew paranoid about possible "insurrections," and after the Civil War and Emancipation, these lingering fears led to numerous atrocities long before the violence at Elaine. At the same time, African Americans were working to organize themselves in the fields and society to resist oppression, setting the stage for the farmers' union meeting that became the object of mob and military wrath during the Elaine Massacre." --p. [4] of cover.

Blood in Their Eyes
Blood in Their Eyes

Author: Grif Stockley

Publisher: University of Arkansas Press

Published: 2020-05-04

Total Pages: 370

ISBN-13: 1682261360

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On September 30, 1919, local law enforcement in rural Phillips County, Arkansas, attacked black sharecroppers at a meeting of the Progressive Farmers and Household Union of America. The next day, hundreds of white men from the Delta, along with US Army troops, converged on the area “with blood in their eyes.” What happened next was one of the deadliest incidents of racial violence in the history of the United States, leaving a legacy of trauma and silence that has persisted for more than a century. In the wake of the massacre, the NAACP and Little Rock lawyer Scipio Jones spearheaded legal action that revolutionized due process in America. The first edition of Grif Stockley’s Blood in Their Eyes, published in 2001, brought renewed attention to the Elaine Massacre and sparked valuable new studies on racial violence and exploitation in Arkansas and beyond. With contributions from fellow historians Brian K. Mitchell and Guy Lancaster, this revised edition draws from recently uncovered source material and explores in greater detail the actions of the mob, the lives of those who survived the massacre, and the regime of fear and terror that prevailed under Jim Crow.

The Elaine Massacre and Arkansas
The Elaine Massacre and Arkansas

Author: Guy Lancaster

Publisher: University of Arkansas Press

Published: 2018-06-01

Total Pages: 247

ISBN-13: 1945624302

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Although it occurred nearly a century ago, the Elaine Massacre of 1919 remains the subject of intense inquiry as historians try to answer a multitude of questions, such as why authorities in the Arkansas Delta used such overwhelming violence to put down a farmers’ union, exactly how many people were killed in the massacre, and how the event shaped the following century. We cannot fully understand what happened at Elaine without examining the one hundred years leading up to the massacre. An analysis of the years from 1819, when Arkansas officially became an American territory, to 1919 provides the historical foundation for understanding one of the bloodiest manifestations of racial violence in U.S. history. During the antebellum years, slaveholders grew paranoid about possible “insurrections,” and after the Civil War and Emancipation, these fears lingered and led to numerous atrocities long before Elaine. At the same time, African Americans—particularly fieldworkers—worked to organize themselves to resist oppression, setting the stage for the farmers’ union that was the target for mob and military wrath during the Elaine Massacre. These essays provide the larger history necessary for understanding what happened at Elaine in 1919—and thus provide a window into the current state of Arkansas and the nation at large. Contributors include Richard Buckelew, Nancy Snell Griffith, Matthew Hild, Adrienne Jones, Kelly Houston Jones, Cherisse Jones-Branch, Brian K. Mitchell, William H. Pruden III, and Steven Teske.

1919, The Year of Racial Violence
1919, The Year of Racial Violence

Author: David F. Krugler

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 2014-12-08

Total Pages: 347

ISBN-13: 1316195007

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1919, The Year of Racial Violence recounts African Americans' brave stand against a cascade of mob attacks in the United States after World War I. The emerging New Negro identity, which prized unflinching resistance to second-class citizenship, further inspired veterans and their fellow black citizens. In city after city - Washington, DC; Chicago; Charleston; and elsewhere - black men and women took up arms to repel mobs that used lynching, assaults, and other forms of violence to protect white supremacy; yet, authorities blamed blacks for the violence, leading to mass arrests and misleading news coverage. Refusing to yield, African Americans sought accuracy and fairness in the courts of public opinion and the law. This is the first account of this three-front fight - in the streets, in the press, and in the courts - against mob violence during one of the worst years of racial conflict in US history.

Riot and Remembrance
Riot and Remembrance

Author: James S. Hirsch

Publisher: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Published: 2002

Total Pages: 390

ISBN-13: 9780618340767

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"A buried part of history comes to light in this informative account of the Black Wall Street Massacre in Tulsa, Oklahoma in 1921"--

Red Summer
Red Summer

Author: Cameron McWhirter

Publisher: Henry Holt and Company

Published: 2011-07-19

Total Pages: 366

ISBN-13: 1429972939

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A narrative history of America's deadliest episode of race riots and lynchings After World War I, black Americans fervently hoped for a new epoch of peace, prosperity, and equality. Black soldiers believed their participation in the fight to make the world safe for democracy finally earned them rights they had been promised since the close of the Civil War. Instead, an unprecedented wave of anti-black riots and lynchings swept the country for eight months. From April to November of 1919, the racial unrest rolled across the South into the North and the Midwest, even to the nation's capital. Millions of lives were disrupted, and hundreds of lives were lost. Blacks responded by fighting back with an intensity and determination never seen before. Red Summer is the first narrative history written about this epic encounter. Focusing on the worst riots and lynchings—including those in Chicago, Washington, D.C., Charleston, Omaha and Knoxville—Cameron McWhirter chronicles the mayhem, while also exploring the first stirrings of a civil rights movement that would transform American society forty years later.