As part of the restructuring of the educational system in 1989, the Vietnamese government implemented policy changes such as promoting the establishment of "people's" and community educational institutions, permitting the establishment of private institutions and transforming public institutions into private ones. Since Vietnam has only recently moved from a centrally planned to a market economy, private schools are still relatively rare in Vietnam. This paper examines the nature of private schooling in Vietnam using data from the 1992-93 Vietnam Living Standards Survey.
For many Westerners, Hanoi evokes memories only of war and bitter loss. But Hanoi is much more than the capital of Vietnamese communism. Ancient seat of the royal house, then center of the French colonial empire in Indochina, and finally birthplace of Vietnamese independence, Hanoi is today a thriving urban center with a rich history all its own. Georges Boudarel and Nguyen Van Ky paint a vivid portrait of a city that is now awakening to the modern era. Together they reveal Hanoi in its myriad facets, from the aromas of its traditional cuisine to its destruction in wartime to the modern era of motorcycles and movie theaters. Part history, part paean, this book takes us into the heart of a city just emerging from the storms of the twentieth century.
Hanoi, the capital of Vietnam, is known for its bustling street life. Public spaces, such as streets and sidewalks, are appropriated by citizens mostly for small-scale economic activities. Green parks are privatized in order to cater to the growing demand for leisure space. At the same time, official spaces like Ba Dinh Square or Ly Thai To Square are occupied by Hanoi's residents for sports and gatherings. This dissertation takes a close look at the practices and the meaning of public spaces and the development of public spheres in Hanoi. Dissertation. (Series: Southeast Asian Modernities - Vol. 13)
This text traces the history of the fabric of Hanoi from its origins 1000 years ago. It examines how the shape of the city reflects changing political, cultural and economic conditions over a millennium of intermittent warfare and waves of cultural change and migration. Drawing on his experience as heritage advisor, the author looks at the challenges facing those who seek to preserve the best features of Hanoi's architecture and streetscapes, while improving the living conditions of its residents.
Beyond the Bronze Pillars is an innovative and iconoclastic look at the politico-cultural relationship between Vietnam and China in the sixteenth to nineteenth centuries. Overturning the established view that historically the Vietnamese sought to maintain a separate cultural identity and engaged in tributary relations with the Middle Kingdom solely to avoid invasion, Liam Kelley shows how Vietnamese literati sought to unify their cultural practices with those in China while fully recognizing their country’s political subservience. He does so by examining a body of writings known as Vietnamese "envoy poetry." Far from advocating their own cultural distinctiveness, Vietnamese envoy poets expressed a profound identification with what we would now call the Sinitic world and their political status as vassals in it. In mining a body of rich primary sources that no Western historian has previously employed, Kelley provides startling insights into the pre-modern Vietnamese view of their world and its politico-cultural relationship with China.
Vietnam's educational record is impressive: 91 percent of children between the ages of 5 and 10 are enrolled in school, and 88 percent of the countrys working-age population is literate. However, emerging market forces within Vietnam, as well as examples and competition from its economically vibrant neighbors, raise important new challenges for the countrys education and training (E&T) system. The government of Vietnam has set ambitious targets for increasing enrollments in E&T institutions, but one question remains unanswered: What policies are required to ensure that an expanded E&T system will give its graduates the knowledge, skills, and attitudes demanded by private sector employers and critical to the smooth functioning of a leaner public sector in the futureNULL This study attempts to answer the question and thereby assist education policymakers in Vietnam in making equitable and efficient choices. The report is divided into six chapters. The first two chapters set the general context for a consideration of E&T costs and financing in Vietnam and explain how the system is presently organized and managed. The third and fourth chapters assess the current financing system, including the state budget and other sources of public funding, and calculate the cost per student-year and the cost per graduate at each level. Chapter 5 examines the social rates of return and the cost burdens for different groups within the country. The final chapter looks ahead to the next decade and draws lessons from other countries.
The private sector is playing an increasingly important role in the funding of scientific research. As public sector research declines in the countries of the north and the south, research and development carried out by the private sector becomes more important for innovations that have economic potential. In some cases networks between local firms and multinationals can support learning which leads to economic growth. What are the policies which support such partnerships and what are the institutional arrangements that foster research? Seven case studies from Argentina, China, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Tanzania, Peru, the Philippines and Vietnam examine how policies have been developed and implemented to encourage innovation.
Market Cultures examines the spectacular growth of capitalist enterprise among overseas Chinese and Southeast Asians. It does so, not through formal models, but by way of the varied cultures and organizations in which Asian capitalism is embedded. Eschewing talk of a uniform Asian miracle, the book shows that there existed complex precedents for
Urbanization and Religion in Ancient Central Mexico examines the ways in which urbanization and religion intersected in pre-Columbian central Mexico. It provides a materially informed history of religion and an archaeology of cities that considers religion as a generative force in societal change.
