Syrian Influences in the Roman Empire to AD 300
Syrian Influences in the Roman Empire to AD 300

Author: John D. Grainger

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2017-09-01

Total Pages: 311

ISBN-13: 1351628682

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The study of Syria as a Roman province has been neglected by comparison with equivalent geographical regions such as Italy, Egypt, Greece and even Gaul. It was, however, one of the economic powerhouses of the empire from its annexation until after the empire’s dissolution. As such it clearly deserves some particular consideration, but at the same time it was a major contributor to the military strength of the empire, notably in the form of the recruitment of auxiliary regiments, several dozens of which were formed from Syrians. Many pagan gods, such as Jupiter Dolichenus and Jupiter Heliopolitanus Dea Syra, and also Judaism, originated in Syria and reached the far bounds of the empire. This book is a consideration, based on original sources, of the means by which Syrians, whose country was only annexed to the empire in 64 BC, saw their influence penetrate into all levels of society from private soldiers and ordinary citizens to priests and to imperial families.

Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies
Handbook of Ancient Afro-Eurasian Economies

Author: Sitta von Reden

Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG

Published: 2021-12-20

Total Pages: 1131

ISBN-13: 3110604930

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The second volume of the Handbook describes different extractive economies in the world regions that have been outlined in the first volume. A wide range of economic actors – from kings and armies to cities and producers – are discussed within different imperial settings as well as the tools, which enabled and constrained economic outcomes. A central focus are nodes of consumption that are visible in the archaeological and textual records of royal capitals, cities, religious centers, and armies that were stationed, in some cases permanently, in imperial frontier zones. Complementary to the multipolar concentrations of consumption are the fiscal-tributary structures of the empires vis-à-vis other institutions that had the capacity to extract, mobilize, and concentrate resources and wealth. Larger volumes of state-issued coinage in various metals show the new role of coinage in taxation, local economic activities, and social practices, even where textual evidence is absent. Given the overwhelming importance of agriculture, the volume also analyses forms of agrarian development, especially around cities and in imperial frontier zones. Special consideration is given to road- and water-management systems for which there is now sufficient archaeological and documentary evidence to enable cross-disciplinary comparative research.

Dynamics Of Marginality
Dynamics Of Marginality

Author: Konstantinos Arampapaslis

Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG

Published: 2023-04-27

Total Pages: 186

ISBN-13: 3111063941

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This volume explores the theme of marginality in the literature and history of the Neronian and Flavian periods. As a concept of modern criticism, the term marginality has been applied to the connection between the uprooted experience of immigrant communities and the subsequent diasporas these groups formed in their new homes. The concept also covers individuals or groups who were barred from access to resources and equal opportunities based on their deviation from a "normal" or dominant culture or ideology. From a literary vantage point, we are interested in the voices of "marginal," or underappreciated authors and critical voices. The distinction between marginalia and "the" text is often nebulous, with marginal comments making their way into the paradosis and being regarded, in modern criticism, as important sources of information in their own right. The analysis of relevant passages from various authors including Lucan, Petronius, Persius, Philo of Alexandria, Pliny the Elder, Silius Italicus, and Statius, as well as the Moretum of the Appendix Vergiliana is vital for our understanding of the treatment of marginalized people in various literary genres in relation to each one’s different purposes.

Phrygian linguistics and epigraphy: new insights
Phrygian linguistics and epigraphy: new insights

Author: Bartomeu Obrador-Cursach

Publisher: Edicions Universitat Barcelona

Published: 2023-01-09

Total Pages: 174

ISBN-13: 8491688919

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These are good times for research on Phrygian. More scholars than ever are focusing on this language and many novelties (including new inscriptions and innovative interpretations) are emerging relatively frequently. Promoting the diversity of starting point and focuses is a way to improve our knowledge and to achieve a better vision of the Phrygian language and the people who once spoke and wrote it. This book offers a range of approaches to Phrygian-related issues, with contributions from six relevant scholars working on this language (Ignasi-Xavier Adiego, Milena Anfosso, María Paz de Hoz, Anna Elisabeth Hämmig, Bartomeu Obrador-Cursach an Zsolt Simon).

Syrian Civil War
Syrian Civil War

Author: Robert M. Kerr

Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing USA

Published: 2020-02-24

Total Pages: 279

ISBN-13: 1440859221

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This invaluable resource provides students with a comprehensive overview of the Syrian Civil War, with roughly 100 in-depth articles by leading scholars on an array of key topics and several important primary source documents. This important work provides a thorough introduction to the origins, events, and impact of the devastating Syrian Civil War, illuminating the complexities and the consequences of this long-lasting conflict. From the emergence of the war in early 2011 following the Arab Spring that swept across the Middle East, to the rise of the Islamic State (ISIS), through the re-establishing of control of most of the country by Syrian president Bashar al-Assad's armed forces by late 2018, this comprehensive work covers every aspect of this conflict that has devastated millions. The book begins with a detailed overview of the Syrian Civil War that provides context to each of the reference entries that follow. The introductory material also includes essays on the causes and consequences of the war. Next comes the A–Z reference entries on such topics as Bashar al-Assad, chemical weapons, the refugee crisis, the Battle of Saraqeb, and White Helmets. In addition, the book includes about a dozen curated and contextualized primary source documents along with a comprehensive chronology and an extensive bibliography.

The Galatians
The Galatians

Author: John D Grainger

Publisher: Pen and Sword History

Published: 2020-08-30

Total Pages: 256

ISBN-13: 1526770717

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The eastern Celtic tribes, known to the Greeks as Galatians, exploited the waning of Macedonian power after Alexander the Great’s death to launch increasingly ambitious raids and expeditions into the Balkans. In 279 BC they launched a major invasion, defeating and beheading the Macedonian king, Ptolemy Keraunos, before sacking the Greeks' most sacred oracle at Delphi. Eventually forced to withdraw northwards, they were defeated by Antigonus Gonatus at Lysimachia in 277 BC but remained a threat. A large Galatian contingent was invited to cross to Asia to intervene in a war in Bithynia but they went on to seize much of central Anatolia for themselves, founding the state of Galatia. Antiochos I curbed their power in ‘the Elephant Victory in 273 BC’ but they remained a force in the region and their fierce warriors served as mercenaries in many armies throughout the eastern Mediterranean. John Grainger narrates and analyses the fortunes of these eastern Celts down to their eventual subjugation by the Romans, Galatia becoming a Roman province in 30 BC.

Rural Cult Centres in the Hauran: Part of the broader network of the Near East (100 BC–AD 300)
Rural Cult Centres in the Hauran: Part of the broader network of the Near East (100 BC–AD 300)

Author: Francesca Mazzilli

Publisher: Archaeopress Publishing Ltd

Published: 2018-12-21

Total Pages: 214

ISBN-13: 1784919551

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The first comprehensive multidisciplinary analysis of rural cult centres in the Hauran (southern Syria) from the pre-Roman to the Roman period (100 BC-AD 300). This volume re-evaluates the significance of contacts between the elite of the Hauran and other cultures of the Near East in shaping cult sites.

Clearly Inspired
Clearly Inspired

Author: Karen S. Chambers

Publisher: Pomegranate

Published: 1999

Total Pages: 146

ISBN-13: 9780764909320

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For five thousand years, artisans have worked in glass to create forms that serve and delight. But only recently have artists turned their hands and minds to this traditionally utilitarian and decorative material. Clearly Inspired: Contemporary Glass and Its Origins contrasts the work of contemporary glass artists with examples of earlier glass that have inspired them to rediscover or reinvent forgotten techniques. Transforming an ancient craft into a contemporary art, they honor the past while making visual statements that are very much of our time.