Superconducting Electron-Optic Devices
Superconducting Electron-Optic Devices

Author: I. Dietrich

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 154

ISBN-13: 1468421999

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* Electron optics involves the influence of electric and magnetic fields on electron beams. In those electron optical instruments utilizing magnetic fields, a replacement of the conventional, i.e .. nonsuperconducting, electron optical parts, is worth considering if the outstanding magnetic properties of superconductors can improve the systems. However, the use of superconductors demands complicated cryogenic techniques and this, of course, dampens enthusiasm. There are fields, however, where there are extreme requirements on the optical systems, namely, electron microscopy and high-energy physics. The great advantage of the combination of electron optics and superconductivity in these domains has been demonstrated in recent experiments. This monograph is mainly concerned with electron micros copy. Superconductivity in high-energy electron optics is treated only briefly, in Appendix A, since the author is little acquainted with the details of the projects. Furthermore, the number of experiments as yet carried out is small. In Appendix B, electron microscope studies of basic superconductor phenomena are reviewed. This material is included, even though it is only slightly connected with the main topic of the book, since a breakthrough in this field may be possible by the application of superconducting lenses.

Magnetic Electron Lenses
Magnetic Electron Lenses

Author: P.W. Hawkes

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-11-11

Total Pages: 474

ISBN-13: 3642815162

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No single volume has been entirely devoted to the properties of magnetic lenses, so far as I am aware, although of course all the numerous textbooks on electron optics devote space to them. The absence of such a volume, bringing together in formation about the theory and practical design of these lenses, is surprising, for their introduction some fifty years ago has created an entirely new family of commercial instruments, ranging from the now traditional transmission electron microscope, through the reflection and transmission scanning microscopes, to co lumns for micromachining and microlithography, not to mention the host of experi mental devices not available commercially. It therefore seemed useful to prepare an account of the various aspects of mag netic lens studies. These divide naturally into the five chapters of this book: the theoretical background, in which the optical behaviour is described and formu lae given for the various aberration coefficients; numerical methods for calculat ing the field distribution and trajectory tracing; extensive discussion of the paraxial optical properties and aberration coefficients of practical lenses, il lustrated with curves from which numerical information can be obtained; a comple mentary account of the practical, engineering aspects of lens design, including permanent magnet lenses and the various types of superconducting lenses; and final ly, an up-to-date survey of several kinds of highly unconventional magnetic lens, which may well change the appearance of future electron optical instruments very considerably after they cease to be unconventional.

Principles of Electron Optics
Principles of Electron Optics

Author: Peter W. Hawkes

Publisher: Academic Press

Published: 2012-12-02

Total Pages: 599

ISBN-13: 0080962432

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This is a complete handbook and reference volume which covers everything that one needs to know about electron optics. It is a comprehensive coverage of theoretical background and modern computing methods. It contains a detailed and unique account of numerical methods and an extensive bibliography.

Electron and Ion Optics
Electron and Ion Optics

Author: Miklos Szilagyi

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2012-12-06

Total Pages: 550

ISBN-13: 1461309239

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The field of electron and ion optics is based on the analogy between geometrical light optics and the motion of charged particles in electromagnetic fields. The spectacular development of the electron microscope clearly shows the possibilities of image formation by charged particles of wavelength much shorter than that of visible light. As new applications such as particle accelerators, cathode ray tubes, mass and energy spectrometers, microwave tubes, scanning-type analytical instruments, heavy beam technologies, etc. emerged, the scope of particle beam optics has been exten ded to the formation of fine probes. The goal is to concentrate as many particles as possible in as small a volume as possible. Fabrication of microcircuits is a good example of the growing importance of this field. The current trend is towards increased circuit complexity and pattern density. Because of the diffraction limitation of processes using optical photons and the technological difficulties connected with x-ray processes, charged particle beams are becoming popular. With them it is possible to write directly on a wafer under computer control, without using a mask. Focused ion beams offer especially great possibilities in the submicron region. Therefore, electron and ion beam technologies will most probably playa very important role in the next twenty years or so.

Transmission Electron Microscopy
Transmission Electron Microscopy

Author: Ludwig Reimer

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2013-11-11

Total Pages: 595

ISBN-13: 3662148242

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Transmission Electron Microscopy presents the theory of image and contrast formation, and the analytical modes in transmission electron microscopy. The principles of particle and wave optics of electrons are described. Electron-specimen interactions are discussed for evaluating the theory of scattering and phase contrast. Also discussed are the kinematic and dynamical theories of electron diffraction and their applications for crystal-structure analysis and imaging of lattices and their defects. X-ray micronanalysis and electron energy-loss spectroscopy are treated as analytical methods. This fourth edition includes discussions of recent progress, especially in the area of Schottky emission guns, convergent-beam electron diffraction, electron tomography, holography and the high resolution of crystal lattices.

Metallurgy of Superconducting Materials
Metallurgy of Superconducting Materials

Author: Thomas Luhman

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2013-10-22

Total Pages: 481

ISBN-13: 1483218236

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Treatise on Materials Science and Technology, Volume 14: Metallurgy of Superconducting Materials covers the practical use of metallurgy of superconducting materials. The book discusses the phenomenon of superconductivity; the theory of superconductors; the applications of superconductivity and the demands these applications make on materials' properties and requirements. The text also describes the metallurgy of niobium-titanium alloy conductors; the physical metallurgy of A15 compounds; and the electron microscopy of superconducting materials. The metallurgy of conductors made from A15 material, the properties required, as well as the development of superconductors for ac power transmission are considered. The book further tackles the metallurgy of niobium surfaces, and the effects of radiation on superconductors. Metallurgists, physicists, materials scientists, materials engineers, and graduate students studying superconductors will find the book invaluable.

High-Resolution Electron Microscopy
High-Resolution Electron Microscopy

Author: John C. H. Spence

Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA

Published: 2013-09-12

Total Pages: 427

ISBN-13: 0199668639

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This book gives the basic theoretical background needed to understand how electron microscopes allow us to see atoms, together with highly practical advice for electron microscope operators. It covers the usefulness of seeing atoms in the semiconductor industry, in materials science, in condensed matter physics, and in biology.

Stabilization of Superconducting Magnetic Systems
Stabilization of Superconducting Magnetic Systems

Author: V. Al'tov

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-03-09

Total Pages: 343

ISBN-13: 1461341159

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I am indeed pleased to prepare this brief foreword for this book, written by several of my friends and colleagues in the Soviet Union. The book was first published in the Russian language in Moscow in 1975. The phenomenon of superconductivity was discovered in 1911 and promised to be important to the production of electromagnets since superconductors would not dissipate Joule heat. Unfortunate ly the first materials which were discovered to be superconducting reverted to the normal resistive state in magnetic fields of a few tesla. Thus the development that was hoped for by hundredths of a the early pioneers was destined to be delayed for over half a century. In 1961 the intermetallic compound NbaSn was found to be superconducting in a field of about 200 teslas. This breakthrough marked a turning point, and 50 years after the discovery of superconductivity an intensive period of technological development began. There are many applications of superconductivity that are now being pursued, but perhaps one of the most important is super conducting magnetic systems. There was a general feeling in the early 1960s that the intermetallic compounds and alloys that were found to retain superconductivity in the presence of high magnetic fields would make the commercialization of superconducting magnets a relatively simple matter. However, the next few years were ones of disillusionment; large magnets were found to be unstable, causing them to revert to the normal state at much lower magnetic fields than predicted.

Applied Superconductivity, Metallurgy, and Physics of Titanium Alloys
Applied Superconductivity, Metallurgy, and Physics of Titanium Alloys

Author: E.W. Collings

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 1986-01-31

Total Pages: 868

ISBN-13: 9780306416903

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Scope and Purpose Although conductors based on the Al5 intermetallic compound Nb Sn 3 possess desirable high-field superconducting properties, manufacturing and handling difficulties, coupled with the tendency of their critical current densities to degrade rapidly under stress, have generally restricted their use to fairly straightforward, usually small-scale solenoidal-magnet applica tions. Likewise the Al5 compound VGa, which has a wider critical strain 3 window than NbSn but a uniformly lower upper critical field, has not 3 entered widespread service. Strain has been found to have no measurable influence on either the critical fields or the critical current densities of compound superconductors with BI and Cl5 crystal structures, but as yet they are still in the research and development stages. On the other hand, conductors using the binary alloy Ti-Nb or multi component alloys based on it, because of their relative ease of manufacture, excellent mechanical properties, and relatively low strain sensitivities, are now being pressed into service in numerous large-scale devices. Such conductors are being wound into magnets for use in energy storage, energy conversion (i. e. , generators and motors), and high-energy particle detectors and beam-handling magnets. of cold-rolled or drawn Ti-Nb-alloy wire for superconducting The use magnet applications was first proposed in 1961. During the ensuing ten years, while progress was being made in the development of Cu-clad filamentary-Ti-Nb-alloy conductors, Ti-Nb and other Ti-base binary transi tion-metal (TM) alloys were being employed as model systems in the fundamental study of type-II superconductivity.