Spintronics (short for spin electronics, or spin transport electronics) exploits both the intrinsic spin of the electron and its associated magnetic moment, in addition to its fundamental electronic charge, in solid-state devices. Controlling the spin of electrons within a device can produce surprising and substantial changes in its properties. Drawing from many cutting edge fields, including physics, materials science, and electronics device technology, spintronics has provided the key concepts for many next generation information processing and transmitting technologies. This book discusses all aspects of spintronics from basic science to applications and covers: • magnetic semiconductors • topological insulators • spin current science • spin caloritronics • ultrafast magnetization reversal • magneto-resistance effects and devices • spin transistors • quantum information devices This book provides a comprehensive introduction to Spintronics for researchers and students in academia and industry.
The purpose of this book is to provide the reader with essential keys to a unified understanding of the rapidly expanding field of molecular materials and devices: electronic structures and bonding, magnetic, electrical and photo-physical properties, and the mastering of electrons in molecular electronics.
Polyoxometalate Chemistry continues a long-running series that describes recent advances in scientific research, in particular, in the field of inorganic chemistry. Several highly regarded experts, mostly from academia, contribute on specific topics. The current issue focuses on recent advances in the development and application of polyoxometalate complexes in areas such as solution chemistry, self-organization, solar fuels, non-aqueous chemistry, spintronics, nanoscience and catalysis. - Presents a single monograph on recent developments in polyoxometalate chemistry as written by scientific leaders in this field - Concise and informative presentations cover a wide range of topics in this field of chemistry - Contains detailed literature references, enabling the reader to move on to the source of the reported work where more details can be found - Provides a solid presentation of a hard-cover book of excellent technical quality
Explore an authoritative resource with coverage of foundational concepts of photoconductivity and photoconductive materials In Photoconductivity and Photoconductive Materials, Professor Kasap delivers a definitive guide to the basic principles of photoconductivity and a selection of present topical photoconductive materials. Divided into two parts, the set begins with basic concepts and definitions and coverage of characterization using steady state, transient and modulated photoconductivity techniques, including the novel charge extraction by linearly increasing voltage (CELIV) method The physics of terahertz photoconductivity and fundamentals of organic semiconductors lsois are also covered. Part Two of the set starts with a comprehensive review of a wide range of photoconductive materials and then focuses on some of the most important photoconductors, including hydrogenated amorphous silicon, cadmium mercury telluride, various x-ray photoconductors, diamond films, metal halide perovskites, nanowires and quantum dots. Photoconductive antenna application is also included. Filled with contributions from leading authors in the field, this book also offers: A thorough introduction to the characterization of semiconductors from photoconductivity techniques, including uniform illumination and photocarrier grating techniques Comprehensive explorations of organic photoconductors, including photogeneration, transport, and applications in printing Practical discussions of time-of-flight transient photoconductivity, including experimental techniques and interpretation In-depth examinations of transient photoconductivity of organic semiconducting films and novel transient photoconductivity techniques Perfect for research physicists, materials scientists, and electrical engineers, Photoconductivity and Photoconductive Materials is also an indispensable resource for postgraduate and senior undergraduate students working in the area of optoelectronic materials, as well as researchers working in industry.
Electromagnetic Wave Absorbing Materials Electromagnetic Wave Absorbing Materials presents information on the most promising electromagnetic wave absorbing materials, with timely coverage of both conventional and novel materials including 1D, 2D, and 3D materials. This book enables readers to address the growing specification needs in the field through optimizing electromagnetic parameters and promoting interface polarization, two key properties for wireless technology in electronic applications. Edited by three highly qualified academics with significant relevant research experience, Electromagnetic Wave Absorbing Materials includes discussions on: Materials including ferrites, graphene, carbon‐based composite absorbers, SiC ceramics, MOFs, and meta‐material based absorbers Recent advances in the field surrounding composite absorbers, conductive polymers, and ceramics, and other materials Potential improvements in the Internet of Things, 5G mobile applications, and intelligent transport systems through electromagnetic wave absorbing materials Potential improvements in the Internet of Things, 5G mobile applications, and intelligent transport systems through electromagnetic wave absorbing materials Applications including terrestrial and satellite communication (software radio, GPS, and satellite TV), environmental monitoring via satellite, and EMI shielding, as well as stealth applications Electromagnetic Wave Absorbing Materials is an essential reference on the subject for researchers and advanced students in the chemical, electronics, and communications industries, as well as R&D scientists at companies such as Apple, HUAWEI, and China Aerospace Science and Technology Corp (CASC).
Major development efforts in organic materials research has grown for an array of applications. Organic spintronics, in particular, has flourished in the area of organic magneto-transport. Reflecting the main avenues of advancement in this arena, this volume explores spin injection and manipulation in organic spin valves, the magnetic field effect in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), the spin transport effect in relation to spin manipulation, organic magnets as spin injection electrodes in organic spintronics devices, the coherent control of spins in organic devices using the technique of electronically detected magnetic resonance, and the possibility of using organic spin valves as sensors.
This book highlights the overview of Spintronics, including What is Spintronics ?; Why Do We Need Spintronics ?; Comparative merit-demerit of Spintronics and Electronics ; Research Efforts put on Spintronics ; Quantum Mechanics of Spin; Dynamics of magnetic moments : Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert Equation; Spin-Dependent Band Gap in Ferromagnetic Materials; Functionality of ‘Spin’ in Spintronics; Different Branches of Spintronics etc. Some important notions on basic elements of Spintronics are discussed here, such as – Spin Polarization, Spin Filter Effect, Spin Generation and Injection, Spin Accumulation, Different kinds of Spin Relaxation Phenomena, Spin Valve, Spin Extraction, Spin Hall Effect, Spin Seebeck Effect, Spin Current Measurement Mechanism, Magnetoresistance and its different kinds etc. Concept of Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR), different types of GMR, qualitative and quantitative explanation of GMR employing Resistor Network Theory are presented here. Tunnelling Magnetoresistance (TMR), Magnetic Junctions, Effect of various parameters on TMR, Measurement of spin relaxation length and time in the spacer layer are covered here. This book highlights the concept of Spin Transfer Torque (STT), STT in Ferromagnetic Layer Structures, STT driven Magnetization Dynamics, STT in Magnetic Multilayer Nanopillar etc. This book also sheds light on Magnetic Domain Wall (MDW) Motion, Ratchet Effect in MDW motion, MDW motion velocity measurements, Current-driven MDW motion, etc. The book deals with the emerging field of spintronics, i.e., Opto-spintronics. Special emphasis is given on ultrafast optical controlling of magnetic states of antiferromagnet, Spin-photon interaction, Faraday Effect, Inverse Faraday Effect and outline of different all-optical spintronic switching. One more promising branch i.e., Terahertz Spintronics is also covered. Principle of operation of spintronic terahertz emitter, choice of materials, terahertz writing of an antiferromagnetic magnetic memory device is discussed. Brief introduction of Semiconductor spintronics is presented that includes dilute magnetic semiconductor, feromagnetic semiconductor, spin polarized semiconductor devices, three terminal spintronic devices, Spin transistor, Spin-LED, and Spin-Laser. This book also emphasizes on several modern spintronics devices that includes GMR Read Head of Modern Hard Disk Drive, MRAM, Position Sensor, Biosensor, Magnetic Field sensor, Three Terminal Magnetic Memory Devices, Spin FET, Race Track Memory and Quantum Computing.
The history of scientific research and technological development is replete with examples of breakthroughs that have advanced the frontiers of knowledge, but seldom does it record events that constitute paradigm shifts in broad areas of intellectual pursuit. One notable exception, however, is that of spin electronics (also called spintronics, magnetoelectronics or magnetronics), wherein information is carried by electron spin in addition to, or in place of, electron charge. It is now well established in scientific and engineering communities that Moore's Law, having been an excellent predictor of integrated circuit density and computer performance since the 1970s, now faces great challenges as the scale of electronic devices has been reduced to the level where quantum effects become significant factors in device operation. Electron spin is one such effect that offers the opportunity to continue the gains predicted by Moore's Law, by taking advantage of the confluence of magnetics and semiconductor electronics in the newly emerging discipline of spin electronics. From a fundamental viewpoine, spin-polarization transport in a material occurs when there is an imbalance of spin populations at the Fermi energy. In ferromagnetic metals this imbalance results from a shift in the energy states available to spin-up and spin-down electrons. In practical applications, a ferromagnetic metal may be used as a source of spin-polarized electronics to be injected into a semiconductor, a superconductor or a normal metal, or to tunnel through an insulating barrier.
In a new branch of physics and technology, called spin-electronics or spintronics, the flow of electrical charge (usual current) as well as the flow of electron spin, the so-called "spin current", are manipulated and controlled together. This book is intended to provide an introduction and guide to the new physics and applications of spin current.
Using spin to replace or augment the role of charge in signal processing devices, computing systems and circuits may improve speed, power consumption, and device density in some cases—making the study of spinone of the fastest-growing areas in micro- and nanoelectronics. With most of the literature on the subject still highly advanced and heavily theoretical, the demand for a practical introduction to the concepts relating to spin has only now been filled. Explains effects such as giant magnetoresistance, the subject of the 2007 Nobel Prize in physics Introduction to Spintronics is an accessible, organized, and progressive presentation of the quantum mechanical concept of spin. The authors build a foundation of principles and equations underlying the physics, transport, and dynamics of spin in solid state systems. They explain the use of spin for encoding qubits in quantum logic processors; clarify how spin-orbit interaction forms the basis for certain spin-based devices such as spintronic field effect transistors; and discuss the effects of magnetic fields on spin-based device performance. Covers active hybrid spintronic devices, monolithic spintronic devices, passive spintronic devices, and devices based on the giant magnetoresistance effect The final chapters introduce the burgeoning field of spin-based reversible logic gates, spintronic embodiments of quantum computers, and other topics in quantum mechanics that have applications in spintronics. An Introduction to Spintronics provides the knowledge and understanding of the field needed to conduct independent research in spintronics.
