Based on a wide range of archival sources, this book analyses the response of the most peripheral country in Western Europe, Franco's Spain, to the challenges of increasing economic interdependence from the end of World War II to the establishment of the EEC, 1945-57. In so doing, the author sheds new light on the fundamental question of the survival of the Franco regime and stimulates further discussion on the external factors responsible for Spain's pattern of economic growth after 1945.
Spanish-Italian Relations and the Influence of the Major Powers examines complex relations between Spain and Italy, beginning in 1943 and continuing until 1957, contending that the relationship cannot be examined in isolation and must be understood in its broader context.
The European Rescue of the Franco Regime, 1950-1975 explores how the governments of the founding members of the European Coal and Steel Community and the European Economic Community, acting collectively via the European Communities, assisted in the consolidation of the Franco regime. It explains how the Six (the Nine after 1972) implemented a set of policy measures that facilitated the subsistence of the Franco regime, proving that trade with the Six improved Spain's overall economic performance, which in turn secured Franco's rule. The Six provided the Spanish economy with a stable supply of essential raw materials and capital goods and with outlet markets for the country's main export commodities. Through these mechanisms the European Communities assisted Spanish economic development and supported the stabilization of the non-democratic political regime ruling Spain. The Franco regime was never threatened by European integration and the Six/Nine managed to isolate meaningful Community negotiations with Spain from mounting political disturbance. The European Rescue of the Franco Regime, 1950-1975 shows that without unremitting material assistance from Western Europe, it would have been considerably more challenging for the Franco regime to attain the stability that enabled the dictator to maintain his rule until he died peacefully at 82 years old.
Twenty-five scholars from various disciplines analyze and explain to the reader many of the complexities of the research output of Alan S. Milward: the role of the modern European nation-state in the social, economic and political development of Europe since the 19th century; the overall social and economic impact of the two world wars; the reconstruction of Western Europe; the rationale behind the Marshall Plan and its long-term consequences; and the multidisciplinary study of the process of the political and economic integration of Europe in a long-term perspective.and the essence of his pioneering contribution to reaching a better understanding of European economic and political history in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries
The economic backwardness of Latin America and the Caribbean has long been discussed, but seldom been the subject of such a wide-ranging quantitative study. The twelve essays in this collection present a twenty-first-century analysis of a long-term issue, providing extensive geographical coverage and allowing reinterpretations of the past.
One of the most striking features of the twentieth century has been the rapid growth of the pharmaceutical industry and the large increases in the use and consumption of its products. This trend began in the first half of the century, but accelerated most sharply after the Second World War, when the creation of national systems of healthcare created mass markets for drugs. The industry then assumed a major economic, social and political significance, and became one of the most highly regulated sectors of the economy, attracting the attention of industry analysts as well as academics. This volume brings together a collection of papers exploring and reflecting upon some of the significant strands in the current studies of pharmaceuticals in the twentieth century. They touch upon many of the issues that are matters of concern and debate today, and their international and multidisciplinary approaches enrich our understanding of an object, of an industry, and of a process that are at the heart of our highly medicalized contemporary societies.
L'histoire de l'Europe au XXe siècle est marquée par de nombreux dualismes dont les traces continuent à caractériser l'Union européenne. Pour mieux comprendre les problèmes actuels de l'intégration européenne, ces dualismes sont étudiés dans une perspective historique et déclinés en quatre axes de réflexion : Europe de l'Est versus Europe de l'Ouest, Europe comme rêve versus Europe comme réalité, Europe(s) politique(s) versus Europe(s) économique(s) et Europe puissance versus Europe comme instrument de puissance. Le présent ouvrage recueille les actes du IIIe colloque international de l'association RICHIE (Réseau international de jeunes chercheurs en histoire de l'intégration européenne) qui s'est tenu à Naples (Italie) en décembre 2007 et qui a réuni une vingtaine de jeunes chercheurs de toute l'Europe pour présenter l'état de leurs travaux en cours à travers cette perspective. The history of Europe in the 20th century is marked by several dualisms, traces of which continue to characterize the European Union. For a better understanding of the current problems of European integration, these dualisms should be studied in their historical context. This book is organized around four axes: Eastern Europe versus Western Europe, Europe as a dream versus Europe as a reality, Political Europe(s) versus Economic Europe(s), Europe as a power versus Europe as an instrument of power. The present work gathers the proceedings of the 3rdinternational conference of the RICHIE association (International Network of Young Researchers in European Integration History). The conference took place in Naples (Italy) in December 2007, and brought together young scholars from all over Europe to present their current research on this topic.
The book studies the Anglo-American debate in which British officials led by Lord Hailey, countered American criticisms of imperial rule by emphasizing economic development and peace-keeping as new, non-racial justifications for western authority. These are themes that have retained a powerful resonance in the post-war world.
This study explores the formulation, tactics and impact of Britain's diplomatic efforts to induce the German government to abandon, modify and later to enlarge the European Economic Community. Its main contention is that British diplomacy between the Messina conference of 1955 and the first membership application of 1961 was counterproductive.
Tropical forests are disappearing at an unaltered pace, giving way to alternative land uses. This book gives an economic perspective on deforestation. Following a survey of different deforestation definitions, theories and empirical evidence, a case-study of Ecuador provides a versatile historical picture of factors affecting forest loss throughout different periods, regions and ecosystems. It is shown that policy and market failures alone cannot explain rapid deforestation; decision-makers follow a composite economic rationale in their continuous clearing of forests which can only be counteracted by concerted action.
