Sexual Violence as a Weapon of War in Sub-Saharan African Conflicts
Sexual Violence as a Weapon of War in Sub-Saharan African Conflicts

Author: Nicola Weston

Publisher: GRIN Verlag

Published: 2011-05-16

Total Pages: 16

ISBN-13: 3640915119

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Research Paper (postgraduate) from the year 2010 in the subject Sociology - Relationships and Family, grade: A, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (-), course: Diploma in Tropical Nursing, language: English, abstract: Gender based violence (GBV) is a complex, multidimensional problem which the World Health Organisation (WHO, 2005) describes as a ‘universal phenomenon’. So much so, that GBV is recognised as a serious human rights and public health problem that concerns all members of society, (Murray and Lopez, 1996, Inter-Agency Standing Committee, 2005). Subsequently, GBV has been incorporated into the Millennium Development Goals, where reducing GBV will have a direct effect on achieving Goal three; the promotion of gender equality and empowerment of women. This issue has gained international attention, as a direct result of civil conflicts in Bosnia and Rwanda, where human rights abuses were seen violated on a magnitude never before recorded and described as acts of genocide, (United Nations Security Council, UNSC, 1999). In Rwanda, it is thought that about 500,000 women were raped by Hutu militia, (Human Rights Watch, 1996). Further atrocities have been documented in Sierra Leone, where approximately 50,000 to 64,000 internally displaced women have reported war-related sexual assaults (Physicians for Human Rights, 2002). In Kenya, following the disputed presidential elections in 2008, violence erupted which saw acts of sexual violence (SV), such as, gang rape and mutilation. United Nations (UN, 2007) reports suggest that 27, 000 rapes occurred in one region of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in 2007. SV has been predominant in many other conflicts such as in Uganda (Giller et al, 1991) and Sudan (Amnesty International, 2004). Research on this area tends to use the terms GBV and SV interchangeably and cannot be explored fully in this paper. There is limited research focusing on violence against males, and therefore this paper will concentrate on SV against women specifically. This paper will discuss why SV has become part of warfare in Sub-Saharan Africa and then examine the treatment programmes aimed at survivors, in particular focusing on the barriers to effective implementation of programmes.

Sexual Violence as a Weapon of War?
Sexual Violence as a Weapon of War?

Author: Maria Eriksson Baaz

Publisher: Zed Books Ltd.

Published: 2013-05-09

Total Pages: 242

ISBN-13: 178032166X

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All too often in conflict situations, rape is referred to as a 'weapon of war', a term presented as self-explanatory through its implied storyline of gender and warring. In this provocative but much-needed book, Eriksson Baaz and Stern challenge the dominant understandings of sexual violence in conflict and post-conflict settings. Reading with and against feminist analyses of the interconnections between gender, warring, violence and militarization, the authors address many of the thorny issues inherent in the arrival of sexual violence on the global security agenda. Based on original fieldwork in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, as well as research material from other conflict zones, Sexual Violence as a Weapon of War? challenges the recent prominence given to sexual violence, bravely highlighting various problems with isolating sexual violence from other violence in war. A much-anticipated book by two acknowledged experts in the field, on an issue that has become an increasingly important security, legal and gender topic.

Wartime Sexual Violence
Wartime Sexual Violence

Author: Kerry F. Crawford

Publisher: Georgetown University Press

Published: 2017-09-01

Total Pages: 225

ISBN-13: 1626164673

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Reports of sexual violence in armed conflict frequently appear in political discussions and news media, presenting a stark contrast to a long history of silence and nonrecognition. Conflict-related sexual violence has transitioned rapidly from a neglected human rights issue to an unambiguous security concern on the agendas of powerful states and the United Nations Security Council. Through interviews and primary-source evidence, Kerry F. Crawford investigates the reasons for this dramatic change and the implications of the securitization of sexual violence. Views about wartime sexual violence began changing in the 1990s as a result of the conflicts in the former Yugoslavia and Rwanda and then accelerated in the 2000s. Three case studies—the United States' response to sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo, the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 1820 in 2008, and the development of the United Kingdom’s Preventing Sexual Violence in Conflict Initiative—illustrate that use of the weapon of war frame does not represent pure co-optation by the security sector. Rather, well-placed advocates have used this frame to advance the antisexual violence agenda while simultaneously working to move beyond the frame’s constraints. This book is a groundbreaking account of the transformation of international efforts to end wartime sexual violence.

Sexual Violence in African Conflicts
Sexual Violence in African Conflicts

Author: Alexis Arieff

Publisher:

Published: 2009

Total Pages:

ISBN-13:

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This report focuses on current conflicts in Africa in which sexual violence is reported to be widespread or systematic. It describes the context in which such violence takes place, selected cases where it is currently occurring, and U.S. policy responses. It concludes with a discussion of potential policy considerations for Congress.

What Women Do in Wartime
What Women Do in Wartime

Author: Meredeth Turshen

Publisher: Zed Books

Published: 1998-04

Total Pages: 200

ISBN-13:

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This is the first book to describe and analyze the experience of women in African civil wars. A mixture of reportage, testimony and scholarship, the book includes contributions from women in Chad, Liberia, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, South Africa and Sudan. The political context of these conflicts is outlined in an introduction to each chapter. The book profiles women's responses to war, as combatants as well as victims, and describes the groups women organize in the aftermath. Examining rape and other forms of gendered political violence in African civil wars, this extraordinary volume is also about women taking action for change. It is set to become required reading for students and academics of women's, peace and African studies.

Sexual Violence in Africa's Conflict Zones
Sexual Violence in Africa's Conflict Zones

Author: Jordan A. Prescott

Publisher: Nova Science Pub Incorporated

Published: 2011

Total Pages: 118

ISBN-13: 9781612092034

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Civilians in Africa's conflict zones, particularly women and children, are often vulnerable to sexual violence, including rape, mutilation and sexual slavery, carried out by government security forces and non-state actors. While such abuses are by no means limited to Africa, weak justice systems in many African states can mean that victims have little legal redress. This book examines the issue of sexual violence in African conflicts and reports on the programs Congress seeks to address them through legislation, hearings, and other congressional actions.

Understanding Violence Against Women in Africa
Understanding Violence Against Women in Africa

Author: Francis Onditi

Publisher: Springer Nature

Published: 2021-08-22

Total Pages: 358

ISBN-13: 3030710955

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This textbook provides students across Social Sciences, Humanities, Politics, and International Studies with an in-depth understanding of the issues, policies, and strategies for addressing the symptoms and root causes of violence against women (VAW) in sub-Saharan Africa. This text uses the United Nations Security Council’s Resolution 1325 (UNSCR 1325) on Women, Peace and Security in Eastern and Southern Africa as a framework to present the causes and impacts of VAW and to trace the journey of sub-Saharan African countries toward gender equality. It also provides an overview of the policy and legislative frameworks that underpin the progress, challenges, and achievements of addressing VAW based on four key pillars: prevention, protection, participation, and relief and recovery. Chapters provide a wealth of knowledge, as the book draws on academic literature; national, regional, and international legislations; and data collected from field research, and makes use of end-of-chapter discussion questions and quick study guides. Students will come away equipped with the tools, resources, and knowledge necessary to address and fix VAW in sub-Saharan Africa and beyond.

Preventing Sexual Violence as a Weapon of War / Verhinderung sexueller Gewalt als Kriegswaffe / Prévenir la violence sexuelle en tant qu'arme de guerre
Preventing Sexual Violence as a Weapon of War / Verhinderung sexueller Gewalt als Kriegswaffe / Prévenir la violence sexuelle en tant qu'arme de guerre

Author: Samantha J. Hope

Publisher: BRILL

Published: 2020-01-13

Total Pages: 162

ISBN-13: 9004396845

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In 2012, the UK introduced the ‘Preventing Sexual Violence Initiative’. This work examines whether it is actually possible to prevent sexual violence being employed as a weapon of war against women, men and children. It assesses existing prevention strategies, uses Daesh as a case study – to illustrate the limitations of the current approaches – and considers additional measures. The author concludes that it is possible to prevent sexual violence in war, provided that all appropriate measures are harnessed and adapted to the specific circumstances of each conflict. It will, though, require improvements to existing strategies, the use of additional prevention measures, more resources and long-term engagement of all actors. This volume was awarded the 2017 first prize in EuroISME’s annual best thesis contest. Im Jahr 2012 führte das Vereinigte Königreich die “Initiative zur Verhütung von sexueller Gewalt” ein. Diese Arbeit untersucht, ob es tatsächlich möglich ist, sexueller Gewalt vorzubeugen, die gegen Frauen, Männer und Kinder angewandt wird. Sie bewertet schon vorhandene Vorbeugungsstrategien, verwendet Daesh als Fallstudie – um die Grenzen der derzeitigen Ansätze zu illustrieren - und zieht zusätzliche Maßnahmen in Betracht. Die Arbeit schlussfolgert, dass es möglich ist, sexuelle Gewalt im Krieg zu verhindern, vorausgesetzt, dass alle angemessenen Maßnahmen nutzbar gemacht und an die spezifischen Umstände jedes Konflikts angepasst werden. Dies wird jedoch Verbesserungen der bestehenden Strategien, den Einsatz zusätzlicher Präventionsmaßnahmen, mehr Ressourcen und langfristiges Engagement aller Akteure erfordern. Diese Arbeit wurde mit dem ersten Preis des Jahres 2017 im EuroISME-Wettbewerb für die beste Abschlussarbeit in Militärethik ausgezeichnet. En 2012, le Royaume-Uni présente l’Initiative de Prévention de la Violence Sexuelle (PSVI). Cet ouvrage étudie la possibilité d’empêcher que la violence sexuelle ne soit utilisée comme arme de guerre contre les femmes, les hommes et les enfants, évalue les approches préventives existantes, prend Daech comme sujet d’étude de cas pour montrer les limites que présentent les approches actuelles, et considère des mesures supplémentaires. Ce travail conclut qu’il est possible d’empêcher l’usage de violence sexuelle en situation de conflit, pourvu que toutes les mesures adéquates soient exploitées et adaptées aux spécificités de chaque conflit. Des améliorations aux stratégies existantes, l’utilisation de mesures de prévention supplémentaires, davantage de ressources et un engagement à long terme de tous les acteurs seront cependant nécessaires. Ce mémoire a reçu le premier prix de l’année 2017 du concours annuel d’EuroISME pour le meilleur mémoire universitaire en éthique militaire.

Sexual Violence and Armed Conflict
Sexual Violence and Armed Conflict

Author: Janie L. Leatherman

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2013-04-26

Total Pages: 178

ISBN-13: 0745658350

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Every year, hundreds of thousands of women become victims of sexual violence in conflict zones around the world; in the Democratic Republic of Congo alone, approximately 1,100 rapes are reported each month. This book offers a comprehensive analysis of the causes, consequences and responses to sexual violence in contemporary armed conflict. It explores the function and effect of wartime sexual violence and examines the conditions that make women and girls most vulnerable to these acts both before, during and after conflict. To understand the motivations of the men (and occasionally women) who perpetrate this violence, the book analyzes the role played by systemic and situational factors such as patriarchy and militarized masculinity. Difficult questions of accountability are tackled; in particular, the case of child soldiers, who often suffer a double victimization when forced to commit sexual atrocities. The book concludes by looking at strategies of prevention and protection as well as new programs being set up on the ground to support the rehabilitation of survivors and their communities. Sexual violence in war has long been a taboo subject but, as this book shows, new and courageous steps are at last being taken Ð at both local and international level - to end what has been called the “greatest silence in history”.

Sexual Violence in Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies
Sexual Violence in Conflict and Post-Conflict Societies

Author: Doris Buss

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2014-07-17

Total Pages: 307

ISBN-13: 1317679970

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This book brings together a unique blend of researchers, civil society and community activists all working on different aspects of conflict sexual violence on the African continent. The contributions included here offer a detailed reading of the social and political climate within which some patterns of sexual violence unfold, and the increased policy and institutional responses shaping post-conflict environments. The chapters are organized around three main themes: the continuities between conflict sexual violence and post-conflict insecurity; the troubling category of "victim" and its representation in post-conflict settings; and the international contexts – such as international programming, aid and justice interventions – that shape how conflict sexual violence is addressed. The authors come to the topic from various academic disciplines - anthropology, gender studies, law, and psychology - and from different non-academic contexts, including civil society organizations in affected regions, and policy and activist organizations in the Global North. Collectively the chapters in this volume offer complex and detailed analysis of some of the debates and dynamics shaping contemporary understandings of conflict sexual violence, highlighting, in turn, new insights and emerging topics on which further research and advocacy is needed.