Review of DOD's Approach to Deriving an Occupational Exposure Level for Trichloroethylene
Review of DOD's Approach to Deriving an Occupational Exposure Level for Trichloroethylene

Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2020-01-13

Total Pages: 77

ISBN-13: 0309499240

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Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a solvent that is used as a degreasing agent, a chemical intermediate in refrigerant manufacture, and a component of spot removers and adhesives. It is produced in mass quantities but creates dangerous vapors and is an environmental contaminant at many industrial and government facilities, including facilities run by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). It is important to determine the safe occupational exposure level (OEL) for the solvent in order to protect the health of workers who are exposed to its vapors. However, there are concerns that the current occupational standards insufficiently protect workers from these health threats. Review of DOD's Approach to Deriving an Occupational Exposure Level for Trichloroethylene makes recommendations to improve the DoD's approach to developing an OEL for TCE, strengthen transparency of the process, and improve confidence in the final OEL value. This report reviews the DoD's approach using a literature review, evidence synthesis based on weight of evidence [WOE], point-of-departure derivation, physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling, extrapolation tools, and explores other elements of the process of deriving an OEL for TCE. It examines scientific approaches to developing exposure values and cancer risk levels, defining the scope of the problem, and improving hazard identification.

Traffic-Related Air Pollution
Traffic-Related Air Pollution

Author: Haneen Khreis

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2020-08-20

Total Pages: 650

ISBN-13: 0128181230

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Traffic-Related Air Pollution synthesizes and maps TRAP and its impact on human health at the individual and population level. The book analyzes mitigating standards and regulations with a focus on cities. It provides the methods and tools for assessing and quantifying the associated road traffic emissions, air pollution, exposure and population-based health impacts, while also illuminating the mechanisms underlying health impacts through clinical and toxicological research. Real-world implications are set alongside policy options, emerging technologies and best practices. Finally, the book recommends ways to influence discourse and policy to better account for the health impacts of TRAP and its societal costs. - Overviews existing and emerging tools to assess TRAP's public health impacts - Examines TRAP's health effects at the population level - Explores the latest technologies and policies--alongside their potential effectiveness and adverse consequences--for mitigating TRAP - Guides on how methods and tools can leverage teaching, practice and policymaking to ameliorate TRAP and its effects

Approaches to Research in Child and Youth Care
Approaches to Research in Child and Youth Care

Author: Priscilla Bengo

Publisher: Canadian Scholars

Published: 2024-07-12

Total Pages: 376

ISBN-13: 1773384082

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Approaches to Research in Child and Youth Care in Canada is a fundamental text for child and youth care programs with the aim of making research methods more approachable to students. Priscilla Bengo breaks down foundational research methods in an accessible way and explores the roles of objectivity and logic in sound decision making in child and youth care practices. Opening with the core functions of scientific inquiry in the field, Bengo introduces students to the ethical, political, and cultural contexts of child and youth care research and provides the tools to become a culturally competent researcher. Students will gain a thorough understanding of problem formulation, measurement, and data collection methods for large data sources, and how to work with both qualitative and quantitative data. Grounded with practical examples and exercises throughout, Approaches to Research in Child and Youth Care in Canada is a must-read for research methods courses in child and youth care programs that will build integral research skills for students in child and youth care, social work, and the programs focused on the helping professions.

Review of the Draft NTP Monograph
Review of the Draft NTP Monograph

Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2020-03-18

Total Pages: 61

ISBN-13: 0309673135

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The National Toxicology Program (NTP) conducted a systematic review of the evidence of adverse neurodevelopmental and cognitive effects of fluoride exposure. NTP's conclusions are summarized in the monograph Systematic Review of Fluoride Exposure and Neurodevelopmental and Cognitive Health Effects. At the request of NTP, a committee convened by the National Academies reviewed their monograph to ensure the integrity of that report. It is important to note that the committee was tasked with reviewing the monograph and focused its efforts on evaluating whether evidence as presented in the monograph supported NTP's conclusions. Thus, it did not conduct its own independent evaluation of the evidence, and it did not conduct a data audit. However, it did review some key literature to enable its review of the monograph. Review of the Draft NTP Monograph contains findings and suggestions for improvements and some overarching findings concerning methods, assessment of animal and human evidence, and NTP's hazard conclusion.

The Use of Systematic Review in Epa's Toxic Substances Control ACT Risk Evaluations
The Use of Systematic Review in Epa's Toxic Substances Control ACT Risk Evaluations

Author: National Academies Of Sciences Engineeri

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2021-11-16

Total Pages:

ISBN-13: 9780309683869

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Systematic review - a scientific investigation that focuses on a specific question and uses explicit, prespecified scientific methods to identify, select, assess, and summarize the findings of similar but separate studies - has become the foundation for assessing evidence to be used for decision making in a variety of health contexts, including health care and public health. At the request of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), this publication reviews EPA's 2018 guidance document Application of Systematic Review in TSCA (Toxic Substances and Control Act) Risk Evaluations and associated materials to determine whether the process is comprehensive, workable, objective, and transparent.

Science and Decisions
Science and Decisions

Author: National Research Council

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2009-03-24

Total Pages: 422

ISBN-13: 0309120462

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Risk assessment has become a dominant public policy tool for making choices, based on limited resources, to protect public health and the environment. It has been instrumental to the mission of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as well as other federal agencies in evaluating public health concerns, informing regulatory and technological decisions, prioritizing research needs and funding, and in developing approaches for cost-benefit analysis. However, risk assessment is at a crossroads. Despite advances in the field, risk assessment faces a number of significant challenges including lengthy delays in making complex decisions; lack of data leading to significant uncertainty in risk assessments; and many chemicals in the marketplace that have not been evaluated and emerging agents requiring assessment. Science and Decisions makes practical scientific and technical recommendations to address these challenges. This book is a complement to the widely used 1983 National Academies book, Risk Assessment in the Federal Government (also known as the Red Book). The earlier book established a framework for the concepts and conduct of risk assessment that has been adopted by numerous expert committees, regulatory agencies, and public health institutions. The new book embeds these concepts within a broader framework for risk-based decision-making. Together, these are essential references for those working in the regulatory and public health fields.

Contaminated Water Supplies at Camp Lejeune
Contaminated Water Supplies at Camp Lejeune

Author: National Research Council

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2009-09-06

Total Pages: 338

ISBN-13: 0309136997

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In the early 1980s, two water-supply systems on the Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune in North Carolina were found to be contaminated with the industrial solvents trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE). The water systems were supplied by the Tarawa Terrace and Hadnot Point watertreatment plants, which served enlisted-family housing, barracks for unmarried service personnel, base administrative offices, schools, and recreational areas. The Hadnot Point water system also served the base hospital and an industrial area and supplied water to housing on the Holcomb Boulevard water system (full-time until 1972 and periodically thereafter). This book examines what is known about the contamination of the water supplies at Camp Lejeune and whether the contamination can be linked to any adverse health outcomes in former residents and workers at the base.

Methodological Approaches to Deriving Environmental and Occupational Health Standards
Methodological Approaches to Deriving Environmental and Occupational Health Standards

Author: Edward J. Calabrese

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 1978

Total Pages: 424

ISBN-13:

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1 A MODEL FOR DERIVING STANDARDS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL POLLUTANTS. 2 ANIMAL EXTRAPOLATION IN STANDARD SETTING. 3 HIGH RISK GROUPS. 4 CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS IN THE STANDARD DERIVATION PROCESS. 5 APPROACHES TO DERIVING SAFE LIMITS FOR POLLUTANT EXPOSURE. 6 DRINKING WATER STANDARDS: THEIR ORIGIN AND RATIONALE. 7 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH STANDARDS. 8 BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS OF POLLUTANT EXPOSURE: THEIR ROLE IN OCCUPATIONAL STANDARD SETTING. 9 NOVEL WORK SCHEDULE TLVS. 10 NATIONAL AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS. 11 COMPARISON OF UNITED STATES AND FOREIGN STANDARDS WITH EMPHASIS ON SOVIET APPROACHES. 12 ASBESTOS: A CASE STUDY.