Returns to capital in microenterprises : evidence from a field experiment

Returns to capital in microenterprises : evidence from a field experiment

Author: Christopher Woodruff, David McKenzie, Suresh de Mel

Publisher: World Bank Publications

Published: 2007

Total Pages: 37

ISBN-13:

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Abstract: Small and informal firms account for a large share of employment in developing countries. The rapid expansion of microfinance services is based on the belief that these firms have productive investment opportunities and can enjoy high returns to capital if given the opportunity. However, measuring the return to capital is complicated by unobserved factors such as entrepreneurial ability and demand shocks, which are likely to be correlated with capital stock. The authors use a randomized experiment to overcome this problem and to measure the return to capital for the average microenterprise in their sample, regardless of whether they apply for credit. They accomplish this by providing cash and equipment grants to small firms in Sri Lanka, and measuring the increase in profits arising from this exogenous (positive) shock to capital stock. After controlling for possible spillover effects, the authors find the average real return to capital to be 5.7 percent a month, substantially higher than the market interest rate. They then examine the heterogeneity of treatment effects to explore whether missing credit markets or missing insurance markets are the most likely cause of the high returns. Returns are found to vary with entrepreneurial ability and with measures of other sources of cash within the household, but not to vary with risk aversion or uncertainty.


International Differences in Entrepreneurship

International Differences in Entrepreneurship

Author: Josh Lerner

Publisher: University of Chicago Press

Published: 2010-06-15

Total Pages: 366

ISBN-13: 0226473104

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Often considered one of the major forces behind economic growth and development, the entrepreneurial firm can accelerate the speed of innovation and dissemination of new technologies, thus increasing a country's competitive edge in the global market. As a result, cultivating a strong culture of entrepreneurial thinking has become a primary goal throughout the world. Surprisingly, there has been little systematic research or comparative analysis to show how the growth of entrepreneurship differs among countries in various stages of development. International Differences in Entrepreneurship fills this void by explaining how a country's institutional differences, cultural considerations, and personal characteristics can affect the role that entrepreneurs play in its economy. Developing an understanding of the origins of entrepreneurs as well as the choices they make and the complexity of their activities across countries and industries are of central importance to this volume. In addition, contributors consider how environmental factors of individual economies, such as market regulation, government subsidies for banks, and support for entrepreneurial culture affect the industry and the impact that entrepreneurs have on growth in developing nations.


The Oxford Handbook of Entrepreneurial Finance

The Oxford Handbook of Entrepreneurial Finance

Author: Douglas Cumming

Publisher: OUP USA

Published: 2012-03-22

Total Pages: 937

ISBN-13: 0195391241

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Provides a comprehensive picture of issues dealing with different sources of entrepreneurial finance and different issues with financing entrepreneurs. The Handbook comprises contributions from 48 authors based in 12 different countries.


Who are the Microenterprise Owners? Evidence from Sri Lanka on Tokman V. de Soto

Who are the Microenterprise Owners? Evidence from Sri Lanka on Tokman V. de Soto

Author: Christopher Woodruff, David McKenzie, Suresh de Mel

Publisher: World Bank Publications

Published: 2008

Total Pages: 35

ISBN-13:

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Abstract: Is the vast army of the self-employed in low income countries a source of employment generation? This paper uses data from surveys in Sri Lanka to compare the characteristics of own account workers (non-employers) with wage workers and with owners of larger firms. The authors use a rich set of measures of background, ability, and attitudes, including lottery experiments measuring risk attitudes. Consistent with the International Labor Organization's views of the self employed (represented by Tokman), the analysis finds that two-thirds to three-quarters of the own account workers have characteristics which are more like wage workers than larger firm owners. This suggests the majority of the own account workers are unlikely to become employers. Using a two and a half year panel of enterprises, the authors show that the minority of own account workers who are more like larger firm owners are more likely to expand by adding paid employees. The results suggest that finance is not the sole constraint to growth of microenterprises, and provides an explanation for the low rates of growth of enterprises supported by microlending.


Experimental Conversations

Experimental Conversations

Author: Timothy N. Ogden

Publisher: MIT Press

Published: 2024-03-19

Total Pages: 397

ISBN-13: 0262551543

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Discussions of the use and limits of randomized control trials, considering the power of theory, external validity, gaps in knowledge, and what issues matter. The practice of development economics has undergone something of a revolution as many economists have adopted new methods to answer perennial questions about the effectiveness of anti-poverty programs. In this book, prominent development economists discuss the use and impact of one of the most significant of these new methods, randomized control trials (RCTs) and field experiments. In extended interviews conducted over a period of several years, they explain their work and their thinking and consider the broader issues of how we learn about the world and how we can change it for the better. These conversations offer specialists and nonspecialists alike a unique opportunity to hear economists speak in their own words, free of the confines of a particular study or econometric esoterica. The economists describe how they apply research findings in the way they think about the world, revealing their ideas about the power of theory, external validity, gaps in knowledge, and what issues matter. Also included are interviews with RCT observers, critics, sponsors, consumers, and others. Each interview provides a brief biography of the interviewee. Thorough annotations offer background and explanations for key ideas and studies referred to in the conversations. Contributors Abhijit Banerjee, Nancy Birdsall, Chris Blattman, Alex Counts, Tyler Cowen, Angus Deaton, Frank DeGiovanni, Esther Duflo, Pascaline Dupas, Xavi Gine, Rachel Glennerster, Judy Gueron, Elie Hassenfeld, Dean Karlan, Michael Kremer, David McKenzie, Jonathan Morduch, Lant Pritchett, Jonathan Robinson, Antoinette Schoar, Dean Yang


Lessons Learned and Not Yet Learned from a Multicountry Initiative on Women's Economic Empowerment

Lessons Learned and Not Yet Learned from a Multicountry Initiative on Women's Economic Empowerment

Author: Sara Johansson de Silva

Publisher: World Bank Publications

Published: 2014-01-13

Total Pages: 83

ISBN-13: 1464800707

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

The Results-Based Initiatives were a pioneering attempt to provide comprehensive, coherent, and rigorous evidence on effective interventions to foster the economic empowerment of women, via five small pilots. This study highlights lessons coming from the impact of the interventions and dos and don ts in the design and implementation of pilots.


Author:

Publisher: Food & Agriculture Org.

Published:

Total Pages: 64

ISBN-13: 9251388938

DOWNLOAD EBOOK


Handbook of Development Economics

Handbook of Development Economics

Author: Dani Rodrick

Publisher: Elsevier

Published: 2009-11-09

Total Pages: 1066

ISBN-13: 0080931723

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

What guidance does academic research really provide to economic policy development? The critical and analytical surveys in this volume investigate links between policies and outcomes by surveying work from broad macroeconomic policies to interventions in microfinance. Asserting that there are no universal correspondences between policies and outcomes, contributors demonstrate instead that only an intense familiarity with the development context and the universe of applicable economic models can generate successful policies. Getting cause-and-effect right is essential for policy design and implementation. With the goal of drawing researchers and policy makers closer, this volume highlights our increasing understanding of ways to combine economic theorizing with careful, thoughtful empirical work. - Presents an accurate, self-contained survey of the current state of the field - Summarizes the most recent discussions, and elucidates new developments - Although original material is also included, the main aim is the provision of comprehensive and accessible surveys


Handbook of the Economics of Finance

Handbook of the Economics of Finance

Author: George M. Constantinides

Publisher: Newnes

Published: 2013-02-08

Total Pages: 859

ISBN-13: 0444535950

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

In the 11 articles in this first of two parts, top scholars summarize and analyze recent scholarship in corporate finance. Covering subjects from corporate taxes to behavioral corporate finance and econometric issues, their articles reveal how specializations resonate with each other and indicate likely directions for future research. By including both established and emerging topics, Volume 2 will have the same long shelf life and high citations that characterize Volume 1 (2003). - Presents coherent summaries of major finance fields, marking important advances and revisions - Describes the best corporate finance research created about the 2008 financial crises - Exposes readers to a wide range of subjects described and analyzed by the best scholars


Evidence-based Entrepreneurship

Evidence-based Entrepreneurship

Author: Michael Frese

Publisher: Now Pub

Published: 2012

Total Pages: 65

ISBN-13: 9781601985309

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Evidence-based Entrepreneurship introduces the concept of evidence-based entrepreneurship (EBE), discuss the implications of EBE, and sketches out its opportunities and limitations. The users of EBE can be the scientists themselves, professionals who deal with entrepreneurs, policy makers whose policies affect entrepreneurs, students of entrepreneurship, and last but not least the entrepreneurs themselves. Much of the review is related to the idea of meta-analysis -- a quantitative review of the scientific literature -- to help determine how strong certain relationships are, how often a relationship consistently appears across studies, and how much we can trust the methodological rigor of the research. A meta-analysis provides the best available type of evidence because it goes beyond one methodology, one study, and one researcher. Evidence-based Entrepreneurship provides a great opportunity that is relevant for practice and policy while strengthening the empirical and theoretical bases of entrepreneurship research. Practice can never be fully based on evidence; therefore, we talk about evidence-informed practice and evidence-based research suggestions. Both management and entrepreneurship show a gap between knowledge and practice - the knowledge-doing gap. Managers as well as entrepreneurs or professionals who deal with entrepreneurs often fail to take note of scientific evidence when making decisions and empirical research has shown that managers often take actions that are uninformed and sometimes even diametrically opposed to empirical evidence. In the area of entrepreneurship, one can often hear open disdain for scholarly work because professors have not yet "made their first million" - the foremost argument seems to be that only experience counts. The authors suggest that professionals who deal with entrepreneurs can profit from evidence-informed practice.