Based on research and results from the international Human Kidney and Urine Proteome Project, this handbook and reference presents current methods and protocols for the analysis of human kidney and urine. The world's leading experts cover everything from basic techniques for routine analysis to advanced methods for difficult samples or analytes. Written with the practitioner in mind, all the methods and techniques are described with step-by-step protocols backed by much valuable practical advice taken from real life experiments.
This book systematically summarizes the ideas and technologies used in urine proteome analysis. It argues that change is the core of biomarker definition since the body uses its homeostatic mechanisms to correct changes in the blood. This means that urine is probably a better source of biomarkers than blood. A roadmap to the urinary biomarker era is proposed, and researchers are reminded of the potential opportunities and risks in their study design. Kidney diseases are emphasized as they produce the most significant changes in urine. This book tries to show researchers and graduate students, who are in or entering the field, "all things considered" rather than "the current affair".
Since the publication of the first volume on proteomics in nephrology, methodologies and protocols for renal and urinary proteome analyses have been continuously improved, resulting in considerable progress towards clinical application. Proteomics not only contributes to a better understanding of the renal physiology and pathogenic mechanisms of kidney diseases, but also assists in the search for novel biomarkers for diagnostics and prognostics and supports the definition and development of new therapeutic targets and drugs for better therapeutic outcome. While the first volume focused mainly on an overview, technologies and methodologies, this volume highlights successful applications of proteomics to several kidney diseases, including acute kidney injury, nephrotic syndrome, diabetic nephropathy, renal allograft rejection, renal cell carcinoma, obstructive nephropathy, kidney stone disease, uremia, and others. Written by acclaimed experts in proteomics and nephrology, this book is an excellent resource of references for nephrologists, clinicians, pharmacists, other healthcare professionals, proteomists, physiologists, scientists, and trainees.
The novel discipline of proteomics has experienced a rapid growth in the recent past and has a great potential for the future. Involving several fields, it offers various advantages: The study of proteins on a genomic scale allows to examine a large number of them simultaneously. Moreover, proteomic analysis provides information about post-translational modifications and functions of gene products or proteins that cannot be obtained by genomic analysis. The knowledge thus gained is also important for a better understanding of renal physiology and pathophysiology, to identify disease biomarkers, and to develop new target therapies.This book is the first one that applies the science of proteomics to nephrology: It sets out to give an overview of the discipline, providing detailed background information and outlining scope, advantages, and limitations of proteomics.The second section reviews principles of commonly used proteomic techniques, including sample preparation, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, various types of mass spectrometry, expression proteomics, quantitative proteomics, practical bioinformatics, and clinical proteomics. In the last section, examples and perspectives are provided of how proteomics can be applied to various fields in nephrology, including nephrotoxicity, sodium transport, diabetic nephropathy, renal Fanconi syndrome, IgA nephropathy, physiology of podocytes and mesangial cells, hypertension, urological malignancies, and dialysis. The publication ends with a discussion of biomarker discovery in glomerular diseases and drug discovery.Written by acclaimed experts in both proteomics and nephrology, this truly remarkable book is essential reading for students, residents, fellows, scientists, and nephrologists who are interested in or devoted to research, as well as for general health professionals and clinicians.
Since the publication of the first volume on proteomics in nephrology, methodologies and protocols for renal and urinary proteome analyses have been continuously improved, resulting in considerable progress towards clinical application. Proteomics not only contributes to a better understanding of the renal physiology and pathogenic mechanisms of kidney diseases, but also assists in the search for novel biomarkers for diagnostics and prognostics and supports the definition and development of new therapeutic targets and drugs for better therapeutic outcome. While the first volume focused mainly on an overview, technologies and methodologies, this volume highlights successful applications of proteomics to several kidney diseases, including acute kidney injury, nephrotic syndrome, diabetic nephropathy, renal allograft rejection, renal cell carcinoma, obstructive nephropathy, kidney stone disease, uremia, and others. Written by acclaimed experts in proteomics and nephrology, this book is an excellent resource of references for nephrologists, clinicians, pharmacists, other healthcare professionals, proteomists, physiologists, scientists, and trainees.
Translational Urinomics provides an overview of urine analysis using proteomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics or any combination thereof for the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases related to the urinary system and the kidneys. The text approaches urine biomarkers from a new perspective, incorporating up-to-date studies of mass-spectrometry-based biomarker discovery as well as the latest advances in personalized medicine. The integration of technology-driven techniques, such as OMICS also provides a unique opportunity for improved diagnostics accuracy of urinary-related diseases. For nephrologists and urologists looking for new approaches to well-known problems, this edited volume serves as a valuable guide.
Biomarkers of Kidney Disease, Second Edition, focuses on the basic and clinical research of biomarkers in common kidney diseases, detailing the characteristics of an ideal biomarker. The latest techniques for biomarker detection, including metabolomics and proteomics are covered in the book. This comprehensive book details the latest advances made in the field of biomarker research and development in kidney diseases. The book is an ideal companion for those interested in biomarker research and development, proteomics and metabolomics, kidney diseases, statistical analysis, transplantation, and preeclampsia. New chapters include biomarkers of cardiovascular disease in patients with CKD, biomarkers of Polycystic Kidney Disease, and biomarkers and the role of nanomedicine. Explores both the practical and conceptual steps performed in the discovery of biomarkers in kidney disease Presents a comprehensive account of newer biomarker discover strategies, such as metabolomics and proteomics, all illustrated by clear examples Offers clear translational presentations by the top basic and clinical researchers in each specific renal disease, including AKI, transplantation, cancer, CKD, PKD, diabetic nephropathy, preeclampsia, and glomerular disease
Urine is one of the most easily accessible biological samples, and it provides a treasure trove of molecules essential for clinical diagnostics. In The Urinary Proteome: Methods and Protocols, expert researchers review briefly the classical urine tests that are performed in the clinical laboratory and then delve into the state of the art methods for proteomic analysis using urine specimens. Featuring the most recent advances in sample preparation, data analysis, and methods and applications, the book contains a multitude of detailed methods, including procedural details for the identification and characterization of urine biomarkers, which hold great potential for the diagnosis and treatment of many different disease conditions. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series format, chapters present brief introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and notes highlighting tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and systematic, The Urinary Proteome: Methods and Protocols is an ideal guide for scientific researchers, clinical laboratorians, clinical and translational scientists, and others interested in the vital study of proteomics and biomarker discovery.
Advances in long-term improvement and outcomes of patients with kidney disease will require the use of novel biomarkers to identify patients at high risk for kidney disease and to diagnose kidney disease early for effective treatment. A biomarker is a substance found in the blood, body fluids or tissues that provides a measure of normal biological or pathological processes or response to pharmacological compounds or drugs. There are a wide variety of biomarkers including but not limited to mRNA, proteins and peptides, and lipid molecules. In AKI, important pathophysiological processes such as inflammation, apoptotic and necrotic cell death and, tubule regeneration may be reflected in blood or urine. An array of candidate markers along with clinical information in long-term clinical studies with appropriate analytical methodologies will likely provide prognostic information. Despite well-known limitations, currently the most widely used biomarkers for the early diagnosis of CKD and AKI are proteinuria, serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. Most clinicians are aware that serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen are poor biomarkers due to inherent characteristics of these molecules and handling by the kidney. Creatinine is secreted and urea nitrogen is reabsorbed by the renal tubules. Many endogenous substances interfere in the assay for creatinine. Serum creatinine and urea appear late after acute kidney injury and the serum levels in part depend on the generation (large or small body mass). Acute kidney injury is a non steady state condition thus serum creatinine and urea nitrogen will lag behind kidney injury. For these reasons new biomarkers are imperative. With knowledge of these limitations in use of current biomarkers and the lack of progress in reducing the mortality and morbidity from kidney disease, there has been a great surge of interest in identifying novel biomarkers with a particular emphasis on the early diagnosis of kidney disease. A variety of methods have been employed including transcriptomics, proteomics, gene arrays and lipidomics. Currently, candidate biomarkers have been found in different disorders and have been tested in humans and many candidate biomarkers have yet to be identified. Most studies to date are preliminary and require validation in large multicentre studies followed by commercial assay development validation and testing. This new book outlines the rapid advances made in the field of biomarker development for kidney disease in which a variety of novel molecules have been identified and studied in humans.
