This comprehensive handbook, prepared by leading ocean policy academics and practitioners from around the world, presents in-depth analyses of the experiences of fifteen developed and developing nations and four key regions of the world that have taken concrete steps toward cross-cutting and integrated national and regional ocean policy. All chapters follow a common framework for policy analysis. While most coastal nations of the world already have a variety of sectoral policies in place to manage different uses of the ocean (such as shipping, fishing, oil and gas development), in the last two decades, the coastal nations covered in the book have undertaken concerted efforts to articulate and implement an integrated, ecosystem-based vision for the governance of ocean areas under their jurisdiction. This includes goals and procedures to harmonize existing uses and laws, to foster sustainable development of ocean areas, to protect biodiversity and vulnerable resources and ecosystems, and to coordinate the actions of the many government agencies that are typically involved in oceans affairs. The book highlights the serious conflicts of use in most national ocean zones and the varying attempts by nations to follow the prescriptions emanating from the 1982 UN Law of the Sea Convention and the outcomes of the 1992, 2002, and 2012 sustainable development summits. The interrelationship among uses and processes in the coast and ocean requires that ocean governance be integrated, precautionary, and anticipatory. Overall, the book provides a definitive state-of-the-art review and analysis of national and regional ocean policies around the world.
The world urgently needs a comprehensive system of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) to conserve biodiversity and to help rebuild the productivity of the oceans. The aim of these Guidelines is to help countries establish systems of MPAs as a key component of integrated management of coastal and marine areas and as part of their sustainable development. The various actions to make an effective MPA are set out, from early planning stages to implementation.
The National Marine Conservation Areas System Plan is an important step in the process of creating a finite network of national marine conservation areas. The plan sets out an approach for the system's design in which Canada's three bordering oceans and the Great Lakes have been divided into 29 distinct marine regions, with a long-term goal of having a national marine conservation area within each region. The plan also attempts to portray each marine region with descriptions of its wildlife, marine and coastal environments, and current status of conservation areas in the region. The appendix includes a glossary and a list of marine-associated species assigned a status by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada.
This literature review covers the effects of spilled oil (crude & refined) and offshore petroleum development applicable to Canadian cold-water ocean species, ecosystems, and resources. The review begins with generalizations concerning spilled oil impact and then focusses on marine ecosystems & organism groups relevant to the cold ocean waters of Canada's distinct National Marine Conservation Areas Natural Regions. Topics covered include the conditions affecting oil impacts, the role of biology in spill preparedness & response, the effect of cold climates & sea ice on oil spill behaviour, oil effects on habitat, sublethal effects of oil, biodegradation of oil, and effects of oil spills on marine plants & associated communities, wetlands, invertebrates, fish, fisheries, sea birds, marine mammals, and cultural resources.
First report addressing the state of national parks and national historic sites, providing background on the progress toward the establishment of new parks and sites, and including an extended statement highlighting the systems planning process by which new elements are selected. The results of a national market survey are also included.