Health Aspects of Plumbing
Health Aspects of Plumbing

Author: World Health Organization

Publisher: World Health Organization

Published: 2006-03-03

Total Pages: 139

ISBN-13: 9241563184

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This publication describes the processes involved in the design installation and maintenance of modern plumbing systems. It recommends a number of plumbing system design and installation specifications that have demonstrated their validity from years of experience. It also examines the microbiological chemical physical and financial risks associated with plumbing and outlines the major risk management strategies that are used in the plumbing industry and emphasizes the importance of measures to conserve supplies of clean water. This work is dedicated to assisting developing countries in achieving the best possible plumbing levels to ensure the highest health benefits from use of sound plumbing practices. It is aimed at administrators and plumbers working in areas that are served by a mains drinking- water supply or sewerage system or are about to install a mains drinking- water supply or sewerage system. It should be of particular value to those working in countries or areas that are in the early stages of introducing modern plumbing systems. While it draws attention to the problems of drinking- water supply and waste removal in developing countries and outlines some of the strategies currently used it does not systematically cover issues specific to developing countries.

Flushed
Flushed

Author: W. Hodding Carter

Publisher: Simon and Schuster

Published: 2007-05-15

Total Pages: 261

ISBN-13: 0743474090

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An anecdotal history of plumbing from the Harappan of 3000 B.C. to the modern world is a tribute to such engineering achievements as the lead pipes of the Roman empire, the sewers of London, and Japanese toilets.

Drinking Water Distribution Systems
Drinking Water Distribution Systems

Author: National Research Council

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2006-12-22

Total Pages: 404

ISBN-13: 0309133955

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Protecting and maintaining water distributions systems is crucial to ensuring high quality drinking water. Distribution systems-consisting of pipes, pumps, valves, storage tanks, reservoirs, meters, fittings, and other hydraulic appurtenances-carry drinking water from a centralized treatment plant or well supplies to consumers' taps. Spanning almost 1 million miles in the United States, distribution systems represent the vast majority of physical infrastructure for water supplies, and thus constitute the primary management challenge from both an operational and public health standpoint. Recent data on waterborne disease outbreaks suggest that distribution systems remain a source of contamination that has yet to be fully addressed. This report evaluates approaches for risk characterization and recent data, and it identifies a variety of strategies that could be considered to reduce the risks posed by water-quality deteriorating events in distribution systems. Particular attention is given to backflow events via cross connections, the potential for contamination of the distribution system during construction and repair activities, maintenance of storage facilities, and the role of premise plumbing in public health risk. The report also identifies advances in detection, monitoring and modeling, analytical methods, and research and development opportunities that will enable the water supply industry to further reduce risks associated with drinking water distribution systems.