Escasez de agua dulce y desalinización
Escasez de agua dulce y desalinización

Author: Gregor Meerganz von Medeazza

Publisher: Fundación Nueva Cultura del Agua

Published: 2008-09-14

Total Pages: 159

ISBN-13: 8488949901

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La escasez de agua dulce amenaza el bienestar de la humanidad y, en última instancia, su supervivencia. La desalinización de agua de mar se plantea como una solución muy prometedora, pero hay que tener en cuenta el coste energético de estas tecnologías y los impactos ambientales que pueden provocar, así como los diferentes usos a los que se puede destinar el agua desalinizada. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es poner en entredicho la sostenibilidad a largo plazo de la tecnología desalinizadora como solución para afrontar la crisis mundial del agua dulce. Se discute además acerca del concepto de escasez, utilizando la perspectiva Norte-Sur. No parece que el suministro de agua para el turismo tenga mucho que ver con la escasez de agua de los pobres: ¿para qué se usa el agua?; ¿para satisfacer un lujo o para mantener el medio de vida? Para abordar estas cuestiones es necesario un enfoque basado en un escenario de «necesidades básicas». Se han escogido los casos prácticos de la ciudad de El Aaiún (Sáhara marroquí), la isla canaria de Lanzarote (España), la franja de Gaza (Territorios Ocupados Palestinos) y los barrios marginales de Chennai (sur de la India) para ilustrar cómo la tecnología desalinizadora se utiliza para mitigar situaciones de escasez con un elemento dominante distinto en cada caso: físico, socialmente construido, políticamente construido o estructural. Más allá del cambio tecnológico, este estudio se centra en la equidad tecnológica como una piedra angular del debate.

Constructive Engineering of Large Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plants
Constructive Engineering of Large Reverse Osmosis Desalination Plants

Author: Author: Pedro Maria Gonzalez Olabarria

Publisher: Chemical Publishing Company

Published: 2015-11-02

Total Pages: 261

ISBN-13: 0820602086

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1. REVERSE OSMOSIS BASIC CONCEPTS - 2. FEED WATER TYPE AND ANALYSIS - 3. RAW WATER REQUIREMENTS - 4. SEA WATER INTAKE - 5. SEA WATER DOSING SYSTEMS - 6. REVERSE OSMOSIS PRETREATMENT CONVENTIONAL PRETREATMENT - 7. REVERSE OSMOSIS PRETREATMENT MICROFILTRATION and ULTRAFILTRATION - 8. MATERIALS - 9. REVERSE OSMOSIS MEMBRANES - 10. PRESSURE VESSELS AND RACKS - 11. REVERSE OSMOSIS PUMPS - 12. RECOVERY SYSTEMS - 13. REVERSE OSMOSIS RACKS CONTROL - 14. REVERSE OSMOSIS RACKS EQUIPMENT - 15. RACKS CLEANING SYSTEM and FLUSHING - 16. TREATED WATER CONDITIONING - 17. TREATED WATER DEPOSIT AND PUMPING - 18. NEUTRALIZATION, EFFLUENTS TREATMENT AND BRINE DISCHARGE - 19. ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT - 20. CONTROL SYSTEMS - 21. VARIOUS EQUIPMENT - 22. COST EVALUATION OF DESALINATION PLANTS - BISAC: 1: TEC005050 Technology & Engineering : Construction - HVAC 2: TEC009070 Technology & Engineering : Mechanical 3: TEC010030 Technology & Engineering : Environmental - Water Supply

Manipulación de agua de consumo humano en plantas de ósmosis inversa
Manipulación de agua de consumo humano en plantas de ósmosis inversa

Author: Pedro Varó Galvañ

Publisher: Universidad de Alicante

Published: 2011-06

Total Pages: 7

ISBN-13: 8497171632

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La desalación permite tratar aguas saladas o salobres —procedentes del mar o de acuíferos salinos— para transformarlas en aptas para el consumo humano o para el riego agrícola. En los últimos años, la técnica de desalación por ósmosis inversa ha experimentado un enorme auge, debido a la necesidad de aprovechar y de gestionar los recursos hídricos existentes. Este texto constituye una herramienta de gran utilidad para la formación de los estudiantes y del personal que trabaja en el sector, ya que aborda cuestiones fundamentales, como la normativa legal vigente o las medidas de seguridad sanitaria que han de adoptarse. Pedro Varó Galvañ es profesor contratado doctor de Ingeniería Química en la Universidad de Alicante. Dirige el curso “Manipulación de agua de consumo humano en plantas de ósmosis inversa”. María Fernanda Chillón Arias es doctora en Ciencias Químicas y técnico superior de la planta potabilizadora de la Universidad de Alicante. Manuel Segura Beneyto es licenciado en Ciencias Biológicas, y asesor en empresas de higiene y seguridad alimentaria.

Plantas desaladoras y nuevas tecnologias
Plantas desaladoras y nuevas tecnologias

Author: Fátima Sánchez López

Publisher: Editorial Elearning, S.L.

Published: 2019-11-21

Total Pages: 116

ISBN-13:

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• Conocer los diferentes proyectos de desaladoras que se están implantando a nivel mundial.. • Conocer las implicaciones que tiene para el medio ambiente la instalación de infraestructuras de desalación de agua. • Conocer las posibilidades que ofrecen los procesos de desalación para aprovechar los recursos hídricos. UD1.Procesos de desalación 1. Introducción 2. Destilación súbita (Efecto flash) 3. Destilación por múltiple efecto (MED) 4. Compresión térmica de vapor (TVC) 5. Destilación solar 6. Congelación 7. Formación de hidratos 8. Destilación por membranas 9. Compresión mecánica de vapor (CV) 10. Osmosis inversa 11. Pretratamiento del agua para ósmosis inversa 11.1. Scaling 11.2. Fouling 11.3. Ataque químico 12. Electrodiálisis (ED) 13. Intercambio iónico 14.Resumen UD2.Calidad del Agua Desalada e Implicaciones Medioambientales 1. Calidad de las Aguas 1.1. Condiciones del agua bruta aportada 1.2. Calidad requerida al agua 1.3. Calidad obtenida con la desalación 2. Consideraciones Medioambientales 2.1 Evaluación del impacto ambiental de instalaciones desaladoras 2.2. Problemática medioambiental de los vertidos de salmuera 2.3. Efectos sobre la Flora y Fauna marina UD3.La Desalación en el Mundo 1. Introducción 1.1. Toxicidad del boro en las plantas 2. Proyectos de desalación de agua con nuevas tecnologías 2.1. Desalación de agua mediante energía eólica 2.2. Desalación por Ósmosis Inversa en Ksar Ghilène (Túnez) 2.3. Desionizacón de electrodos de baterías 2.4. Tecnología ReFlex (Desalitech, USA) 2.5. Tecnología de la compañía IDE Technologies, Israel 3. Proyectos de desalación de agua a nivel mundial 3.1. Desaladora de agua de mar (Binningup, Australia) 3.2. Desaladora de Ras Abu Fontas 3 (Al Wakrah, Qatar) 3.3. Instalación Desaladora y Planta Desalobradora (Donna, Estados Unidos) 3.4. Desaladora (Sohar, Omán) 3.5. Planta desaladora (Quingdao, China) 3.6. Planta desaladora (Adelaida, Australia) 3.7. Planta desaladora (Honaine, Argelia) 4. Ejemplo cálculos proyecto planta desaladora 4.1. Datos de partida 4.2. Balance de materia 4.3. Inmisario submarino 4.4. Dimensionado zona captación 4.5. Dimensionado pozo bombeo 4.6. Dosificación de reactivos 4.7. Filtración de arena 4.8. Filtros de cartucho 4.9. Dimensionado unidad ósmosis inversa 4.10 Bombeo a alta presión y recuperación energética 4.11. Post-Tratamiento 4.12. Depósito agua potable

Membrane Based Desalination
Membrane Based Desalination

Author: Enrico Drioli

Publisher: IWA Publishing

Published: 2011-04-14

Total Pages: 247

ISBN-13: 1843393212

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Reverse osmosis is the dominant technology in water desalination. However, some critical issues remain open: improvement of water quality, enhancement of the recovery factor, reduction of the unit water cost, minimizing the brine disposal impact. This book aims to solve these problems with an innovative approach based on the integration of different membrane operations in pre-treatment and post-treatment stages. Membrane-Based Desalination: An Integrated Approach (acronym MEDINA) has been a three year project funded by the European Commission within the 6th Framework Program. The project team has developed a work programme aiming to improve the current design and operation practices of membrane systems used for water desalination, trying to solve or, at least, to decrease the critical issues of sea and brackish water desalination systems. In the book, the main results achieved in the nine Work Packages constituting the project will be described, and dismissed by the leaders of the various WPs. The following areas are explored in the book: the development of advanced analytical methods for feed water characterization, appropriate fouling indicators and prediction tools, procedures and protocols at full-scale desalination facilities; the identification of optimal seawater pre-treatment strategies by designing advanced hybrid membrane processes (submerged hollow fibre filtration/reaction, adsorption/ion exchange/ozonation) and comparison with conventional methods; the optimisation of RO membrane module configuration, cleaning strategies, reduction of scaling potential by NF; the development of strategies aiming to approach the concept of Zero Liquid Discharge (increasing the water recovery factor up to 95% by using Membrane Distillation - MD; bringing concentrates to solids by Membrane Crystallization or Wind Intensified Enhanced Evaporation) and to reduce the brine disposal environmental impact and cost; increase the sustainability of desalination process by reducing energy consumption (evaluation of MD, demonstration of a new energy recovery device for SWRO installations) and use of renewable energy (wind and solar). Colour figures (PDF, 6MB) Visit the IWA WaterWiki to read and share material related to this title: http://www.iwawaterwiki.org/xwiki/bin/view/Articles/WaterdesalinationandEuropeanresearch

Saline Water Processing
Saline Water Processing

Author: Hans-Günter Heitmann

Publisher:

Published: 1990

Total Pages: 366

ISBN-13:

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The desalination of saline and brackish water in countries in climatically dry regions is gaining significance, as increasingly large quantities of desalinated water are required for drinking, irrigation and other purposes. Moreover, independent of geographical conditions, the purification of industrial waste water is of growing importance. In this book a group of process, design, and consulting engineers as well as specialists from the chemical industry present their experience. Their contributions are comprehensive and wide in scope, ranging from the chemical and electrochemical fundamentals of the various processes (such as reverse osmosis, electrodialysis and ultrafiltration) to plant design, plant operations and questions concerning materials of construction. Special emphasis is given to chemical factors necessary to the running of desalination plants. The book is intended for specialists involved in the construction and operation of such plants and for administrative personnel.

Concentrating Solar Power and Desalination Plants
Concentrating Solar Power and Desalination Plants

Author: Patricia Palenzuela

Publisher: Springer

Published: 2015-10-09

Total Pages: 179

ISBN-13: 3319205358

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This book provides a detailed examination of how two key concerns in many communities across the globe- power and water- can be simultaneously addressed through the coupling of Concentrating Solar Power and Desalination (CSP+D) plants. It undertakes a technological and economic evaluation of the integration of Multi-effect Distillation Plants into CSP plants based on Parabolic Trough solar collectors (PT-CSP+MED), as compared to independent water and power production through Reverse Osmosis unit connection to a CSP plant (CSP+RO). Through this compare and contrast method of analysis, the author establishes guidelines to assist readers in identifying cases wherein PT-CSP+MED systems provide greater benefits from a thermodynamic and economic point of view. The text outlines efficiencies and challenges derived from the combination of PT-CSP power generation with four different desalination plant scenarios, beginning with a description of the equations used in the modeling and validation of a pilot MED plant and followed by detailed thermodynamic analysis of several currently operating CSP+D systems. Comparative thermodynamic assessments are based on a sensitivity analysis from which the overall efficiency of the cogeneration system is determined. The author outlines all the equations used for the modeling of each component and includes 97 comparative tables obtained from the sensitivity analysis, showing the variation of the overall thermal efficiency of the CSP+D as a function of fundamental parameters of the cogeneration cycle, such as the specific electric consumption of the desalination plants, and the turbine outlet temperature of the power cycle. These findings are then placed in practical context through a complete thermo-economic analysis, which is carried out for two specific locations in the Middle East and Europe in order to identify the most practically and economically viable CSP+D system in each region as informed by actual operating conditions, meteorological data and real cost figures for each location.

Efficient Desalination by Reverse Osmosis
Efficient Desalination by Reverse Osmosis

Author: Stewart Burn

Publisher: IWA Publishing

Published: 2015-09-15

Total Pages: 0

ISBN-13: 9781780405056

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Early applications of desalination were small-scale plants deploying a range of technologies. However with the technological developments in Reverse Osmosis, most new plants use this technology because it has a proven history of use and low energy and capital costs compared with other available desalination technologies. This has led to the recent trend for larger seawater desalination plants in an effort to further reduce costs, and 1000 MLD seawater desalination plants are projected by 2020. Efficient Desalination by Reverse Osmosis recognises that desalination by reverse osmosis has progressed significantly over the last decades and provides an up to date review of the state of the art for the reverse osmosis process. It covers issues that arise from desalination operations, environmental issues and ideas for research that will bring further improvements in this technology. Efficient Desalination by Reverse Osmosis provides a complete guide to best practice from pre-treatment through to project delivery. Editors: Stewart Burn, Visiting Scientist, CSIRO Manufacturing. Adjunct Professor, Institute of Sustainability and Innovation, Victoria University. Adjunct Professor, Department of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, RMIT University. Stephen Gray, Director, Institute of Sustainability and Innovation, Victoria University.