Pivotal Response Training. What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report
Pivotal Response Training. What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report

Author: What Works Clearinghouse (ED)

Publisher:

Published: 2016

Total Pages: 41

ISBN-13:

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This intervention report presents findings from a systematic review of "pivotal response training" conducted using the What Works Clearinghouse Procedures and Standards Handbook (version 3.0) and the Children and Students with an Autism Spectrum Disorder review protocol (version 3.0). "Pivotal response training" ("PRT") is an intervention designed for children with autism spectrum disorders. This practice focuses on pivotal (core) areas affected by autism, such as communication and responding to environmental stimuli. "PRT" sessions typically begin with a parent or teacher providing clear instructions to a child, having the child help choose a stimulus (such as a toy), and focusing the child's attention. The parent or teacher then encourages the desired behavior (for example, asking for the toy or choosing "toy" from a list of words) by providing rewards if the child implements or attempts to implement the desired behavior. The complexity of the required responses increases as training progresses. Parents, teachers, and peers collaboratively implement the practice at school, at home, and in the community. "PRT" can be used with autistic children aged 2-18. "PRT" is also known as "Pivotal Response Therapy," "Pivotal Response Treatment"ʼ, or "Natural Language Paradigm." "PRT" was found to have no discernible effects on communication/language competencies for children and students with an autism spectrum disorder. The WWC identified three eligible group design studies and 37 eligible single-case design studies that investigated the effects of "PRT" on children and students with an autism spectrum disorder. The WWC reviewed three eligible studies against group design standards. Two of the eligible group design studies are randomized controlled trials that meet WWC group design standards without reservations. They are: (1) Hardan, A. Y., Gengoux, G. W., Berquist, K. L., Libove, R. A., Adrel, C. M., Phillips, J., & Minjarez, M. B. (2015). "A randomized controlled trial of Pivotal Response Treatment Group for parents of children with autism." "Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry," 56(8), 884-892. (2) Schreibman, L., & Stahmer, A. C. (2014). "A randomized trial comparison of the effects of verbal and pictorial naturalistic communication strategies on spoken language for young children with autism." "Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders," 44(5), 1244-1251. Appended are: (1) Research details for Hardan et al. (2015); (2) Research details for Schreibman and Stahmer (2014); (3) Group design outcome measures for the communication/language competencies domain; (4) Group design findings included in the rating for the communication/language competencies domain; (5) Group design supplemental subscale findings for the communication/language competencies domain; (6) Group design supplemental follow-up test findings in the communication/language competencies domain; and (7) Single-case design studies that meet WWC pilot standards. WWC rating criteria and a glossary are provided.

Early Risers. What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report
Early Risers. What Works Clearinghouse Intervention Report

Author: What Works Clearinghouse (ED)

Publisher:

Published: 2012

Total Pages: 25

ISBN-13:

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"Early Risers" is a multi-year prevention program for elementary school children demonstrating early aggressive and disruptive behavior. The intervention model includes two child-focused components and two parent/family components. The Child Skills component is designed to teach skills that enhance children's emotional and behavioral self-regulation, positive peer relationships, and academic success. The Child School Support component aims to identify areas of difficulty in the classroom and creates individualized plans to address those difficulties during the course of normal school activities. The Parent Skills component is delivered in "family night" group sessions and is intended to promote parents' abilities to support their children's healthy development by teaching skills that address positive parent-child relations, effective discipline practices, and parent involvement in school. The Family Support component, which is delivered via home visits, identifies basic needs and health concerns and then implements plans designed to assist families in achieving and maintaining healthy lifestyles. Thirteen studies reviewed by the What Works Clearinghouse (WWC) investigated the effects of "Early Risers" on children classified as having an emotional disturbance (or children at risk for classification). Two studies (August, Hektner, Egan, Realmuto, & Bloomquist, 2002; August, Lee, Bloomquist, Realmuto, & Hektner, 2003) are randomized controlled trials that meet WWC evidence standards without reservations. Those two studies are summarized in this report. The remaining 11 studies do not meet either WWC eligibility screens or evidence standards. Appended are: (1) Research details for August et al., 2002 and August et al., 2003; (2) Outcome measures for each domain; (3) Findings included in the rating for the external behavior domain, the emotional/internal behavior domain, the social outcomes domain, and the academic performance domain; and (4) Summary of second-year findings for the external behavior domain, the social outcomes domain, and the academic performance domain. A glossary of terms is included. (Contains 8 tables, 15 endnotes and 5 additional sources.).

Parenting Matters
Parenting Matters

Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2016-11-21

Total Pages: 525

ISBN-13: 0309388570

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Decades of research have demonstrated that the parent-child dyad and the environment of the familyâ€"which includes all primary caregiversâ€"are at the foundation of children's well- being and healthy development. From birth, children are learning and rely on parents and the other caregivers in their lives to protect and care for them. The impact of parents may never be greater than during the earliest years of life, when a child's brain is rapidly developing and when nearly all of her or his experiences are created and shaped by parents and the family environment. Parents help children build and refine their knowledge and skills, charting a trajectory for their health and well-being during childhood and beyond. The experience of parenting also impacts parents themselves. For instance, parenting can enrich and give focus to parents' lives; generate stress or calm; and create any number of emotions, including feelings of happiness, sadness, fulfillment, and anger. Parenting of young children today takes place in the context of significant ongoing developments. These include: a rapidly growing body of science on early childhood, increases in funding for programs and services for families, changing demographics of the U.S. population, and greater diversity of family structure. Additionally, parenting is increasingly being shaped by technology and increased access to information about parenting. Parenting Matters identifies parenting knowledge, attitudes, and practices associated with positive developmental outcomes in children ages 0-8; universal/preventive and targeted strategies used in a variety of settings that have been effective with parents of young children and that support the identified knowledge, attitudes, and practices; and barriers to and facilitators for parents' use of practices that lead to healthy child outcomes as well as their participation in effective programs and services. This report makes recommendations directed at an array of stakeholders, for promoting the wide-scale adoption of effective programs and services for parents and on areas that warrant further research to inform policy and practice. It is meant to serve as a roadmap for the future of parenting policy, research, and practice in the United States.

Evidence-Based Practices
Evidence-Based Practices

Author: Bryan G. Cook

Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing

Published: 2013-06-06

Total Pages: 300

ISBN-13: 1781904308

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This volume focuses on evidence-based practices (EBPs) , supported, sound research studies documenting their effectiveness with a target population. As such, EBPs have significant potential to improve the outcomes of learners with learning and behavioral disorders.

Evidence-Based Practices and Treatments for Children with Autism
Evidence-Based Practices and Treatments for Children with Autism

Author: Brian Reichow

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2010-11-25

Total Pages: 415

ISBN-13: 1441969756

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Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) have been increasingly diagnosed in recent years and carries with it far reaching social and financial implications. With this in mind, educators, physicians, and parents are searching for the best practices and most effective treatments. But because the symptoms of ASDs span multiple domains (e.g., communication and language, social, behavioral), successfully meeting the needs of a child with autism can be quite challenging. Evidence-Based Practices and Treatments for Children with Autism offers an insightful and balanced perspective on topics ranging from the historical underpinnings of autism treatment to the use of psychopharmacology and the implementation of evidence-based practices (EBPs). An evaluation methodology is also offered to reduce the risks and inconsistencies associated with the varying definitions of key autism terminology. This commitment to clearly addressing the complex issues associated with ASDs continues throughout the volume and provides opportunities for further research. Additional issues addressed include: Behavioral excesses and deficits treatment Communication treatment Social awareness and social skills treatment Dietary, complementary, and alternative treatments Implementation of EBPs in school settings Interventions for sensory dysfunction With its holistic and accessible approach, Evidence-Based Practices and Treatments for Children with Autism is a vital resource for school psychologists and special education professionals as well as allied mental health professionals, including clinical child and developmental psychologists, psychiatrist, pediatricians, primary care and community providers.

Educating College Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Educating College Students with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Author: Dianne Berkell Zager

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2013

Total Pages: 130

ISBN-13: 0415524377

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Similar to a handbook in its comprehensive description of the theory and research supporting current practices in the treatment of autism spectrum disorders, this interdisciplinary text shows how the existing knowledge base can be used to explore promising new possibilities related to the field's many unanswered questions.

Single Case Research Methodology
Single Case Research Methodology

Author: Jennifer R. Ledford

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2014-03-26

Total Pages: 439

ISBN-13: 1134073712

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In this anticipated new edition of Single Case Research Methodology, David L. Gast and Jennifer R. Ledford detail why and how to apply standard principles of single case research methodology to one’s own research or professional project. Using numerous and varied examples, they demonstrate how single case research can be used for research in behavioral and school psychology, special education, speech and communication sciences, language and literacy, occupational therapy, and social work. This thoroughly updated new edition features two entirely new chapters on measurement systems and controversial issues in single subject research, in addition to sample data sheets, graphic displays, and detailed guidelines for conducting visual analysis of graphic data. This book will be an important resource to student researchers, practitioners, and university faculty who are interested in answering applied research questions and objectively evaluating educational and clinical practices.

Parent's Quick Start Guide to Autism
Parent's Quick Start Guide to Autism

Author: Noelle Balsamo

Publisher: Routledge

Published: 2022-06-28

Total Pages: 85

ISBN-13: 1000594815

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Parent’s Quick Start Guide to Autism provides parents and caregivers with an immediate overview of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and steps they can take to support and encourage their child. Each chapter is packed with detailed and helpful information, covering what to do at home and at school, how to avoid common mistakes, and how (and when) to seek professional help. Summary and resource sections at the end of each chapter give quick guidance to busy readers. Topics include occupational therapy, applied behavior analysis (ABA), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), interventions, and more. Offering straightforward, easy to understand, and evidence-based information, this book is a go-to resource for caregivers parenting a child with autism.

Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults
Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults

Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Publisher: National Academies Press

Published: 2020-05-14

Total Pages: 317

ISBN-13: 0309671035

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Social isolation and loneliness are serious yet underappreciated public health risks that affect a significant portion of the older adult population. Approximately one-quarter of community-dwelling Americans aged 65 and older are considered to be socially isolated, and a significant proportion of adults in the United States report feeling lonely. People who are 50 years of age or older are more likely to experience many of the risk factors that can cause or exacerbate social isolation or loneliness, such as living alone, the loss of family or friends, chronic illness, and sensory impairments. Over a life course, social isolation and loneliness may be episodic or chronic, depending upon an individual's circumstances and perceptions. A substantial body of evidence demonstrates that social isolation presents a major risk for premature mortality, comparable to other risk factors such as high blood pressure, smoking, or obesity. As older adults are particularly high-volume and high-frequency users of the health care system, there is an opportunity for health care professionals to identify, prevent, and mitigate the adverse health impacts of social isolation and loneliness in older adults. Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults summarizes the evidence base and explores how social isolation and loneliness affect health and quality of life in adults aged 50 and older, particularly among low income, underserved, and vulnerable populations. This report makes recommendations specifically for clinical settings of health care to identify those who suffer the resultant negative health impacts of social isolation and loneliness and target interventions to improve their social conditions. Social Isolation and Loneliness in Older Adults considers clinical tools and methodologies, better education and training for the health care workforce, and dissemination and implementation that will be important for translating research into practice, especially as the evidence base for effective interventions continues to flourish.