This volume collects the progress in the last decade or two in selected topics within the field of organic energetic compounds. New areas of energetic materials science have achieved prominence, such as molecular orbital calculations, toxicology, biodegradation, and counter-terrorism. The topics selected for discussion in this volume embody the more exciting work in the field which is taking place in laboratories around the world.
Organic Chemistry of Explosives is the first text to bring together the essential methods and routes used for the synthesis of organic explosives in a single volume. Assuming no prior knowledge, the book discusses everything from the simplest mixed acid nitration of toluene, to the complex synthesis of highly energetic caged nitro compounds. Reviews laboratory and industrial methods, which can be used to introduce aliphatic C-nitro, aromatic C-nitro, N-nitro, and nitrate ester functionality into organic compounds Discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each synthetic method or route, with scope, limitations, substrate compatibility and other important considerations Features numerous examples in the form of text, reaction diagrams, and tables.
For a chemist who is concerned with the synthesis of new energetic compounds, it is essential to be able to assess physical and thermodynamic properties, as well as the sensitivity, of possible new energetic compounds before synthesis is attempted. Various approaches have been developed to predict important aspects of the physical and thermodynamic properties of energetic materials including (but not limited to): crystal density, heat of formation, melting point, enthalpy of fusion and enthalpy of sublimation of an organic energetic compound. Since an organic energetic material consists of metastable molecules capable of undergoing very rapid and highly exothermic reactions, many methods have been developed to estimate the sensitivity of an energetic compound with respect to detonationcausing external stimuli such as heat, friction, impact, shock and electrostatic discharge. This book introduces these methods and demonstrates those methods which can be easily applied.
Since the synthesis and development of new energetic materials require identification of promising candidates for additional study and elimination of poor candidates from further consideration, it is important for engineers, scientists and industries to assess the performance of the new compounds for reducing costs associated with synthesis, testing and evaluation of these materials. Nowadays different approaches have been used to predict the performance of energetic compounds, which can be recognized to be cost-effective, environmentally-desirable and time-saving capabilities. This book reviews different methods for the assessment of the performance of an energetic compound through its heat of detonation, detonation pressure, detonation velocity, detonation temperature, Gurney energy and power (strength). The book also focuses on the detonation pressure and detonation velocity of non-ideal aluminized energetic compounds. Simple and reliable methods are demonstrated in detail where they can be easily used for the design, synthesis and development of novel energetic compounds.
This brief introduces readers to an alternative thermochemical reference system that makes it possible to use the heats of formation of organic compounds to deduce the energies that depend entirely on their structures, and which provides calculated values for most of the characteristic structures appearing in organic molecules. These structure-dependent energies are provided e.g. for selected compounds of normal and cyclic alkanes, open chain and cyclic olefins (including conjugated polyenes), alkynes, aromatic hydrocarbons and their substituted derivatives. The oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen derivatives of the above-mentioned compounds are also represented with calculated structure-dependent energies including alcohols, ethers, aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acids, thiols, sulfides, amines, amides, heterocyclic compounds and others. Most organic reactions can be interpreted as the disappearance of certain structures and formation of others. If the structure-dependent energies are known, it can be shown how the disappearing and the newly formed structures contribute to the heat of reactions and to the driving forces. As experienced by the author, who pioneered the concept, structure dependent energies can help teachers to make organic chemistry more accessible for their students. Accordingly, the brief offers a valuable resource for all those who teach organic chemistry at universities, and for those who are learning it.
For a chemist who is concerned with the synthesis of new energetic compounds, it is essential to be able to assess physical and thermodynamic properties, as well as the sensitivity, of possible new energetic compounds before synthesis is attempted. Various approaches have been developed to predict important aspects of the physical and thermodynamic properties of energetic materials including (but not limited to): crystal density, heat of formation, melting point, enthalpy of fusion and enthalpy of sublimation of an organic energetic compound. Since an organic energetic material consists of metastable molecules capable of undergoing very rapid and highly exothermic reactions, many methods have been developed to estimate the sensitivity of an energetic compound with respect to detonationcausing external stimuli such as heat, friction, impact, shock and electrostatic discharge. This book introduces these methods and demonstrates those methods which can be easily applied.
This volume provides an overview of current research and recent advances in the area of energetic materials, focusing on decomposition, crystal and molecular properties. The contents and format reflect the fact that theory, experiment and computation are closely linked in this field. Since chemical decomposition is of fundamental importance in energetic performance, this volume begins with a survey of the decomposition processes of a variety of energetic compounds. This is followed by detailed studies of certain compounds and specific mechanisms, such as nitro/aci-nitro tautomerism. Chapter 6 covers the transition from decomposition to crystal properties, with molecular dynamics being the primary analytical tool. The next several chapters deal with different aspects of the crystalline state, again moving from the general to particular. There is also a discussion of methods for computing gas, liquid and solid phase heats of formation. Finally, the last portion of this volume looks at the potential of high-nitrogen molecules as energetic systems; this has been of considerable interest in recent years.Overall, this volume illustrates the progress that has been made in the field of energetic materials and some of the areas of current activity. It also indicates the challenges involved in characterizing and understanding the properties and behaviour of these compounds. The work is a unique state-of-the-art treatment of the subject, written by pre-eminent researchers in the field. - Overall emphasis is on theory and computation, presented in the context of relevant experimental work- Presents a unique state-of-the-art treatment of the subject- Contributors are preeminent researchers in the field
This book highlights the intrinsic structures of all kinds of energetic compounds and some structure–property relationships therein. Energetic materials are a class of energy materials that can transiently release a large amount of gases and heat by self-redox after stimulated and usually refer to explosives, propellants and pyrotechnics. Nowadays, in combination with various theories and simulation-aided material design technologies, many new kinds of energetic materials like energetic extended solids, energetic ionic salts, energetic metal organic frames, energetic co-crystals and energetic perovskites have been created, in addition to traditional energetic molecular crystals. It is somewhat dazzling, and an issue of how we can understand these new types of energetic materials is raised. In the past about 20 years, we were immersed in the computational energetic materials. By means of defining a concept of intrinsic structures of energetic materials, which refers to the crystal packing structure of energetic materials, as well as molecule for molecular solid specially, the microscopic structures have been mostly clarified, and related with many macroscopic properties and performances, with molecular simulations. This book presents our understanding about it. Thereby, a simply and new way to readily understand energetic materials is expected to be paved, based on this book. It contains energetic molecular crystals, energetic ionic crystals, energetic atomic crystals, energetic metallic crystals and energetic mixed-type crystals and the substructures closest to crystal packing. Meanwhile, the common intermolecular interactions in energetic crystals will be introduced. In addition, theoretical and simulation methods for treating the intrinsic structures will be briefed, as they are the main tools to reveal the molecules and crystals. Besides, the polymorphism as a level of intrinsic structures will be briefly discussed. In the final of this book, we introduce the crystal engineering of energetic materials. This book features the first proposal of intrinsic structure and crystal engineering of energetic materials and the understanding of the properties and performances of energetic materials by maintaining a concept that structure determines property. It helps to promote the rationality in creating new energetic materials, rather than increase experience.
Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Materials Provides in-depth and comprehensive knowledge on both the chemistry and practical applications of nitrogen-rich energetic materials Energetic materials, a class of material with high amounts of stored chemical energy, include explosives, pyrotechnics, and propellants. Initially used for military applications, nitrogen-rich energetic materials have become important in the civil engineering and aerospace sectors, they are increasingly used in commercial mining and construction as well as in rocket propulsion. Making these nitrogen-rich energetic materials safer, more powerful, and more cost-effective requires a thorough understanding of their chemistry, physics, synthesis, properties, and applications. Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Materials presents a detailed summary of the development of nitrogen-rich energetic materials over the past decade and provides up-to-date knowledge on their applications in various areas of advanced engineering. Edited by a panel of international experts in the field, this book examines the chemistry of pentazoles, fused ring and laser ignitable nitrogen-rich compounds, polynitrogen and tetrazole-based energetic compounds, and more. The text also introduces applications of nitrogen-rich energetic materials in energetic polymers and metal-organic frameworks, as pyrotechnics materials for light and smoke, and in oxadiazoles from precursor molecules. This authoritative volume: Presents in-depth chapters written by leading experts in each sub-field covered Offers a systematic introduction to new and emerging applications of nitrogen-rich energetic materials such as in computational chemistry Discusses recent advances in nitrate ester chemistry with focus on propellant applications Discusses green and eco-friendly approaches to nitrogen-rich compounds Nitrogen-Rich Energetic Materials is an important resource for researchers, academics, and industry professionals across fields, including explosives specialists, pyrotechnicians, materials scientists, polymer chemists, laser specialists, physical chemists, environmental chemists, chemical engineers, and safety officers.
This book discusses methods for the assessment of energetic compounds through heat of detonation, detonation pressure, velocity and temperature, Gurney energy and power. The authors focus on the detonation pressure and detonation velocity of non-ideal aluminized energetic compounds. This 2nd Edition includes an updated and improved presentation of simple, reliable methods for the design, synthesis and development of novel energetic compounds.
