Analogical Reasoning

Analogical Reasoning

Author: D.H. Helman

Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media

Published: 2013-06-29

Total Pages: 422

ISBN-13: 9401578117

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In the last few years, there has been an enormous amount of activity in the study of analogy and metaphor. This is partly because of an interest of artificial intelligence researchers in simulating learning processes using analogy. It also arises from critical examinations of standard theories in the philosophy of language, with their inbuilt literal/meta phoric distinction. This volume consists of recent previously unpub lished work in this area, with a particular emphasis upon the role of analogies in reasoning and, more generally, their role in thought and language. The papers are contributed by philosophers, computer scientists, cognitive scientists and literary critics. Researchers in these fields whose focus is the study of analogy and metaphor will find much of interest in this volume. These essays can also serve as an introduction to some of the major approaches taken in the investigation of analogy. As noted, this volume brings together the work of researchers in several different disciplines. The various approaches taken with respect to the understanding of analogy tend to be rather different, however, the articles suggest a common conclusion. Analogy and metaphor pervade thought and language; their close investigation thus constitutes a valuable contribution to our understanding of persons. DAVID H. HELMAN Case Western Reserve University vii PART I CONCEPTUAL AND CATEGORICAL THEORIES OF ANALOGICAL UNDERSTANDING MARK TURNER CATEGORIES AND ANALOGIES I want to pursue the following claims: The way we categorize helps explain the way we recognize a statement as an analogy.


Studying the Novice Programmer

Studying the Novice Programmer

Author: E. Soloway

Publisher: Psychology Press

Published: 2013-12-02

Total Pages: 504

ISBN-13: 1317786203

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Parallel to the growth of computer usage in society is the growth of programming instruction in schools. This informative volume unites a wide range of perspectives on the study of novice programmers that will not only inform readers of empirical findings, but will also provide insights into how novices reason and solve problems within complex domains. The large variety of methodologies found in these studies helps to improve programming instruction and makes this an invaluable reference for researchers planning studies of their own. Topics discussed include historical perspectives, transfer, learning, bugs, and programming environments.


C++ Pocket Reference

C++ Pocket Reference

Author: Kyle Loudon

Publisher: "O'Reilly Media, Inc."

Published: 2008-08-07

Total Pages: 139

ISBN-13: 1449378943

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C++ is a complex language with many subtle facets. This is especially true when it comes to object-oriented and template programming. The C++ Pocket Reference is a memory aid for C++ programmers, enabling them to quickly look up usage and syntax for unfamiliar and infrequently used aspects of the language. The book's small size makes it easy to carry about, ensuring that it will always be at-hand when needed. Programmers will also appreciate the book's brevity; as much information as possible has been crammed into its small pages.In the C++ Pocket Reference, you will find: Information on C++ types and type conversions Syntax for C++ statements and preprocessor directives Help declaring and defining classes, and managing inheritance Information on declarations, storage classes, arrays, pointers, strings, and expressions Refreshers on key concepts of C++ such as namespaces and scope More! C++ Pocket Reference is useful to Java and C programmers making the transition to C++, or who find themselves occasionally programming in C++. The three languages are often confusingly similar. This book enables programmers familiar with C or Java to quickly come up to speed on how a particular construct or concept is implemented in C++.Together with its companion STL Pocket Reference, the C++ Pocket Reference forms one of the most concise, easily-carried, quick-references to the C++ language available.


Human Factors for Informatics Usability

Human Factors for Informatics Usability

Author: B. Shackel

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Published: 1991-02-14

Total Pages: 468

ISBN-13: 9780521365703

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Human factors is one of the critical issues in Information Technology, as industry realizes the need to change from technology-oriented goals to meet the demands of computer users. Human factors can help to improve Informatics Usability for real people, and to reduce the huge people-costs of human machine interactions.


The C++ Programming Language

The C++ Programming Language

Author: Bjarne Stroustrup

Publisher: Addison-Wesley

Published: 2013-07-10

Total Pages: 1366

ISBN-13: 0133522857

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The new C++11 standard allows programmers to express ideas more clearly, simply, and directly, and to write faster, more efficient code. Bjarne Stroustrup, the designer and original implementer of C++, has reorganized, extended, and completely rewritten his definitive reference and tutorial for programmers who want to use C++ most effectively. The C++ Programming Language, Fourth Edition, delivers meticulous, richly explained, and integrated coverage of the entire language—its facilities, abstraction mechanisms, standard libraries, and key design techniques. Throughout, Stroustrup presents concise, “pure C++11” examples, which have been carefully crafted to clarify both usage and program design. To promote deeper understanding, the author provides extensive cross-references, both within the book and to the ISO standard. New C++11 coverage includes Support for concurrency Regular expressions, resource management pointers, random numbers, and improved containers General and uniform initialization, simplified for-statements, move semantics, and Unicode support Lambdas, general constant expressions, control over class defaults, variadic templates, template aliases, and user-defined literals Compatibility issues Topics addressed in this comprehensive book include Basic facilities: type, object, scope, storage, computation fundamentals, and more Modularity, as supported by namespaces, source files, and exception handling C++ abstraction, including classes, class hierarchies, and templates in support of a synthesis of traditional programming, object-oriented programming, and generic programming Standard Library: containers, algorithms, iterators, utilities, strings, stream I/O, locales, numerics, and more The C++ basic memory model, in depth This fourth edition makes C++11 thoroughly accessible to programmers moving from C++98 or other languages, while introducing insights and techniques that even cutting-edge C++11 programmers will find indispensable. This book features an enhanced, layflat binding, which allows the book to stay open more easily when placed on a flat surface. This special binding method—noticeable by a small space inside the spine—also increases durability.


Intelligent Tutoring Systems

Intelligent Tutoring Systems

Author: Hugh Burns

Publisher: Psychology Press

Published: 2014-01-14

Total Pages: 312

ISBN-13: 1317783719

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This is a collection of essays on issues related to the evolutionary design and the practical future of intelligent tutoring systems. Following in the tradition of Foundations of Intelligent Tutoring Systems and Intelligent Tutoring Systems: Lessons Learned, this volume examines some of the visions and near-term issues that have been further explored and better defined since those groundbreaking books first appeared. Questions addressed in this volume include: *How can knowledge bases generate explanations? *Will case-based reasoning techniques be worth pursuing in the ITS framework? *Will high performance skills be successfully taught in an ITS design? *Are there dimensions of ITS design which the research laboratories are ignoring, and ignoring at the customer's peril? Of particular importance to those engaged in research and development, this book will be of value to all who wish to apprise themselves of the advances being made in the rapidly evolving field of intelligent tutoring systems.


Professional C++

Professional C++

Author: Nicholas A. Solter

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons

Published: 2007-08-13

Total Pages: 866

ISBN-13: 0470246405

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Geared to experienced C++ developers who may not be familiar with the more advanced features of the language, and therefore are not using it to its full capabilities Teaches programmers how to think in C++-that is, how to design effective solutions that maximize the power of the language The authors drill down into this notoriously complex language, explaining poorly understood elements of the C++ feature set as well as common pitfalls to avoid Contains several in-depth case studies with working code that's been tested on Windows, Linux, and Solaris platforms


Elementary Synchronous Programming

Elementary Synchronous Programming

Author: Ali S. Janfada

Publisher: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG

Published: 2019-06-04

Total Pages: 410

ISBN-13: 3110616483

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Algorithms are the essence of programming. After their construction, they have to be translated to the codes of a specific programming language. There exists a maximum of ten basic algorithmic templates. This textbook aims to provide the reader with a more convenient and efficient method to create a program by translating algorithms, template by template with C++ and Java. This is the slogan of the book: You will be a professional programmer whenever you become a skilled algorithm designer. This book attempts to gradually strengthen the readers’ ability to identify and analyze the mental commands which are issued and implemented in their brains for solving the problems in which mathematical computations are applied and try to design an algorithm based on their understanding and analyses. It then seeks to encourage the readers to develop their skills in algorithm-writing for computational problems and synchronously teach them to translate the algorithms into C++ and Java codes using the least necessary keywords.